Categorical organization in free recall across culture and age.

Categorical organization in free recall across culture and age. Research Abstract Details 

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Categorical organization in free recall across culture and age. Abstract Text:

Angela H Gutchess,Carolyn Yoon,Ting Luo,Fred Feinberg,Trey Hedden,Qicheng Jing,Richard E Nisbett,Denise C Park,

BACKGROUND: Cross-cultural differences in cognition suggest that Westerners use categories more than Easterners, but these differences have only been investigated in young adults. OBJECTIVE: The contributions of cognitive resource and the extent of cultural exposure are explored for free recall by investigating cross-cultural differences in categorical organization in younger and older adults. Cultural differences in the use of categories should be larger for elderly than young because categorization is a well-practiced strategy for Westerners, but age-related cognitive resource limitations may make the strategy difficult for elderly Easterners to implement. Therefore, we expect that cultural differences in categorization will be magnified in elderly adults relative to younger adults, with Americans categorizing more than Chinese. METHODS: Across two studies, 112 young and 112 elderly drawn from two cultures (American and Chinese) encoded words presented in their native language. One word list contained categorically-unrelated words and the other, categorically-related words; both lists were presented in the participants' native language. In experiment 1, the words were strong category associates, and in experiment 2, the words were weak category associates. Participants recalled all the words they could remember, and the number of words recalled and degree of clustering by category were analyzed. RESULTS: As predicted, cultural differences emerged for the elderly, with East-Asians using categories less than Americans during recall of highly-associated category exemplars (experiment 1). For recall of low-associate exemplars, East-Asians overall categorized less than Americans (experiment 2). Surprisingly, these differences in the use of categories did not lead to cultural differences in the number of words recalled. The expected effects of age were apparent with elderly recalling less than young, but in contrast to previous studies, elderly also categorized less than young. CONCLUSION: These studies provide support for the notion that cultural differences in categorical organization are larger for elderly adults than young, although culture did not impact the amount recalled. These data suggest that culture and age interact to influence cognition.

Categorical organization in free recall across culture and age. Publishing Authors By Initials

AH Gutchess,C Yoon,T Luo,F Feinberg,T Hedden,Q Jing,RE Nisbett,DC Park,

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Categorical organization in free recall across culture and age. Journal Published:

PUBLICATION TYPE: Research Support, N.I.H., Extr

Journal: Gerontology

VOLUME: 52

Page Numbers: 314-23

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ISSN: 0304-324X

DAY: 3

MONTH: 12

YEAR: 2006

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LANGUAGE: eng

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Grant and Affiliation Information for Categorical organization in free recall across culture and age.

AFFILIATION: Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA. agutchess@wjh.harvard.edu

Country: Switzerland

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MEDLINETA: Gerontology

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