Adaptors are short double-stranded synthetic oligonucleotides that carry an internal restriction endonuclease recognition site and single-stranded tails at one or both ends. Adaptors are used to exchange restriction sites at the termini of linear DNA molecules. They may be purchased in phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms. - [Read Attaching Adaptors to Protruding Termini Protocol]
This stage achieves four goals: polishing the ends of double-stranded DNA, ligation of synthetic linkers or adaptors, digestion of the attached linkers to create cohesive termini, and preparing the cDNA for cloning. - [Read Attachment of Linkers or Adaptors for Construction of cDNA Libraries]
Choosing the right labeling method for your hybridization experiment. Includes: Homogeneous labeling methods for DNA; Homogeneous labeling methods for RNA; Stability of probe-target interaction; Nonradioactive labeling of oligonucleotides; Double-stranded versus single-stranded probes. - [Read Choosing the Right Labeling Method for your Hybridization Experiment]
Protocol describes a method to collect early embryos from 6-week-old mice. Subsequently, the isolated embryos can be injected with double-stranded RNA to induce knockdown of a gene of interest. - [Read Collection of Early Mouse Embryos for RNAi Protocol]
Protocol describes a method to collect oocytes from 6-week-old mice. Subsequently, the isolated oocytes can be injected with double-stranded RNA to induce knockdown of a gene of interest. - [Read Collection of Mouse Oocytes for RNAi Protocol]
Here, the DNA-RNA hybrids synthesized in Stage 1 are converted into full-length double-stranded cDNAs. The primers for synthesis of second-strand cDNA are created by RNase H, which introduces nicks into the RNA moiety of the cDNA-mRNA hybrids. E. coli DNA polymerase I extends the newly created 3'-hydroxyl termini, using the first-strand cDNA as a template. - [Read Construction of cDNA Libraries Protocol]
The goal of this stage is to introduce methyl groups that will modify and protect naturally occurring EcoRI sites in the double-stranded cDNA. - [Read Construction of cDNA Libraries Protocol.]
Protocol first describes the vector preparation and, then, describes the insert preparation. Vital to have an excellent vector in order to produce a sequencing library. Protocol employs the male-specific coliphage M13 as the sequencing vector. M13 is a filamentous phage with a single-stranded, circular genome. M13 is widely used as a vector because many versions are available commercially and because M13 has certain advantages. - [Read Construction of the Sequencing Library Protocol]
Protocol describes how subcellular-sized particles are accelerated to high velocity to carry double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into Drosophila embryos. The major advantage of this procedure over microinjection (Microinjection of dsRNA into Drosophila Embryos) is that particle bombardment is easier and faster to perform. In addition, the mechanical trauma received is far less than by microinjection, allowing better survival of embryos and fewer phenotypic artifacts. - [Read Delivery of dsRNA into Drosophila Embryos by Gene Gun Protocol]
The most convenient and commonly used method to visualize DNA in agarose gels is staining with the fluorescent dye ethidium bromide. Ethidium bromide can be used to detect both singleand double-stranded nucleic acids (both DNA and RNA). However, the affinity of the dye for single-stranded nucleic acid is relatively low and the fluorescent yield is comparatively poor. - [Read Detection of DNA in Agarose Gels Protocol]
FIXATION and DNA Staining for Cell Cycle Analysis Protocol. This method of DNA staining utilizes ethanol to fix the cells and permeabilize the membrane, which allows the dye (Propidium Iodide) to enter the cells. Propidium Iodide (PI) is a DNA-binding fluorochrome that intercalates in the double-helix. Ribonuclease-A is used to eliminate the staining of double-stranded RNA. - [Read FIXATION and DNA Staining for Cell Cycle Analysis]
Protocol describes the quantitation of DNA using Hoechst 33258, a fluorescent dye that binds to double-stranded DNA. Fluorometry is simple and more sensitive than spectrophotometry, and allows the detection of nanogram quantities of DNA. The assay can only be used to measure the concentration of DNAs whose sizes exceed ~1 kb, as Hoechst 33258 binds poorly to smaller DNA fragments. - [Read Fluorometric Quantitation of DNA Using Hoechst 33258 Protocol]
In this method, the nuclease BAL 31 is used to make uni- or bidirectional deletions in a segment of cloned DNA. BAL 31 is a complex enzyme and tends to digest a population of double-stranded DNA targets in an asynchronous fashion, Deletions created by BAL 31 are therefore far more heterogeneous in size than those created by processive enzymes such as exonuclease III. - [Read Generation of Bidirectional Sets of Deletion Mutants by Digestion with BAL 31 Nuclease Protocol]
The double-stranded DNA of recombinant plasmid, phagemid, or bacteriophage M13 replicative form DNA is digested with two restriction enzymes whose sites of cleavage both lie between one end of the target DNA and the binding site for universal primer. The enzyme that cleaves nearer the target sequence must generate either a blunt end or a recessed 3' terminus; the other enzyme must generate a four-nucleotide protruding 3' terminus. - [Read Generation of Sets of Nested Deletion Mutants with Exonuclease III Protocol]
Most manipulations with M13, including preparations of viral stocks and isolation of single- and double-stranded DNAs, begin with small-scale liquid cultures that are infected with an M13 plaque, picked from an agar plate. - [Read Growing Bacteriophage M13 in Liquid Culture Protocol]
Protocol describes how to identify cloned cDNAs encoding proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences. The methods used are very similar to those used for immunological screening of expression libraries except that the nitrocellulose filters carrying immobilized proteins are screened with 32P-labeled double-stranded DNA rather than with antibodies. - [Read Identifying DNA-binding Proteins in Bacteriophage ambda Expression Libraries Protocol]
A Single Stranded Plasmid DNA Isolation Protocol describing the production and isolation of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) using bacteriophagemid-containing bacteria and helper phage. Infection of the host cells with helper phage allows for packaging of ssDNA into bacteriophage. The ssDNA can then be isolated from phage particles.
Unlike spherical phage, such as T4 and λ, which have roughly equal weight ratios of protein to DNA, filamentous phage have about six times more protein than DNA; the protein therefore contributes substantially to the absorption spectrum.
This protocol describes the electroporation of the BMH 81-17 mut S strain that is recommended for tranformation of the site directed mutagenesis of dsDNA (See Protocol on Site-Directed Mutagenesis on Double Stranded DNA). BMH 81-17 mut S are a mismatch repair defective (mut S) Escherichia coli strain. The probability that the two mutations will cosegregate during the first round of DNA replication is increased in this strain.