In this protocol, sample and competitor RNAs are reverse transcribed (separately) in a pilot experiment. A constant amount of sample RT product is then combined with a 2-logserial dilution of competitor RT product for PCR. Procedure provides an approximate copy number for the sample, which is then fine-tuned by repeating the experiment with a series of twofold dilutions of competitor. The experiment includes controls for sample-to-sample variations in RT efficiency. - [Read Competitive RT-PCR: Estimation of Copy Number Protocol]
Protocol describes a method for electroporating DNA into ES cells, as well as selection methods. Pilot studies should be performed to optimize the conditions for each DNA construct. The selection method described here is one of the most complex. It involves targeting constructs in which the bacterial neomycin-resistance gene disrupts the coding sequence of the mouse gene. - [Read Electroporating DNA into Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells and Selection Methods Protocol]
Pilot ligations and packaging reactions are used to establish the amounts of fragmented genomic DNA and bacteriophage {lambda} arms that yield the maximum number of recombinants. Additional ligation and packaging reactions may then be set up to yield a comprehensive library of genomic DNA. - [Read Ligation of Bacteriophage lambda Arms to Fragments of Foreign Genomic DNA Protocol]
Protocol is used to establish conditions for restriction enzyme digestion of eukaryotic genomic DNA that will generate fragments of a size appropriate for construction of genomic libraries. To construct a genomic library, the average length of the starting genomic DNA should be at least eight times the capacity of the vector. - [Read Partial Digestion of Eukaryotic DNA for Use in Genomic Libraries: Pilot Reactions Protocol]