Using confocal laser-scanning microscope & GFP fusion proteins in time-lapse imaging to visualize the behavior of organelles and to track membrane-bound transport intermediates that bud off from organelles. Practical issues related to construction & expression of GFP fusion proteins are discussed. Essential for optimizing the brightness and expression levels of GFP fusion proteins so that intracellular membrane-bound structures containing these fusion proteins can be readily visualized. - [Read Imaging of Organelle Membrane Systems and Membrane Traffic in Living Cells]
Protocol describes transfection of plasmid DNA into mammalian cell lines using electroporation, a process whereby external application of electric pulses induce cell membrane permeability. Cells in suspension and small volume cells are difficult to transfect, whereas adherent cells and large volume cells are relatively easy. Regardless of cell size or phenotype, transfection efficiency increases with a high concentration of cells in a small volume. - [Read Optimizing Electrotransfection of Mammalian Cells In Vitro Protocol]
Protocol describes transfection of plasmid DNA into mammaliancell lines using electroporation, a process whereby externalapplication of electric pulses induce cell membrane permeability.A number of factors can affect electrotransfection efficiency.In general, cells in suspension and small volume cells are difficultto transfect, whereas adherent cells and large volume cellsare relatively easy. - [Read Optimizing Electrotransfection of Mammalian Cells In Vitro Protocol]
In the first part of this protocol, the linear range of amplification is determined by carrying out 10 identical PCRs in the presence of [{alpha}-32P]dCTP and stopping one reaction after every two cycles. Amplification products are quantified on a denaturing polyacrylamide gel and the results plotted on a graph (counts per minute vs. cycle number). Total RNA is used as an internal control. - [Read Relative RT-PCR: Determining the Linear Range of Amplification and Optimizing the Primers:Competimer]