internal Protocols

Category: Viral Manipulation Protocols: Phage Lamda Manipulation Protocols

Removal of the 5'-phosphate groups from the internal termini of bacteriophage {lambda} arms is used to prevent self-ligation and suppress the background of nonrecombinant bacteriophages during cloning. - [Read Alkaline Phosphatase Treatment of Bacteriophage lambda Vector DNA Protocol]

Category: Cloning Protocols

Adaptors are short double-stranded synthetic oligonucleotides that carry an internal restriction endonuclease recognition site and single-stranded tails at one or both ends. Adaptors are used to exchange restriction sites at the termini of linear DNA molecules. They may be purchased in phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms. - [Read Attaching Adaptors to Protruding Termini Protocol]

Category: Microinjection Protocols: Microinjection Equipment

This protocol describes an easy method for calibrating micropipette tips that have been pulled in the laboratory. It is essential to estimate the internal diameter of the pulled micropipette tip when adjusting parameters for a new puller or new type of glass tubing. A tip diameter of ~0.3 µm is optimal for the microinjection of mammalian cells in culture (e.g., CHO, PtK1, and COS-7). A 10% increase in diameter increases the delivery rate by more than 30% and can cause cell damage. - [Read Calibration of Micropipette Tips Protocols]

Category: RNA Protocols: RT-PCR and cDNA synthesis

Protocol for Competitive RT-PCR.For quantifying mRNA, we use a competitive RT-PCR protocol with internal standard RNAs. These are added in a defined quantity to the RNA sample prior to the RT reaction. The resulting standard cDNA is coamplified with the s - [Read Competitive RT-PCR Protocol]

Category: Microscopy Protocols: Fluorescence Microscopy Protocols

Most biological specimens are relatively transparent, so details of internal and intracellular morphology are difficult to image in untreated living specimens using simple bright-field techniques. Fluorescence microscopy offers greater advantages and possibilities for increasing contrast and determining the specific localization of molecules in cells. Article outlines the three methods most commonly used to introduce an appropriate label into Drosophila tissue without perturbing the process. - [Read Fluorescent Reagents for Live Cell Imaging and Their Introduction into Cells]

Category: Neuroscience Protocols: Neuronal Stains Protocols

An appropriate term for glial fibers is 'nerve glue', because they provide the internal support of the central nervous system.  There are four types of glial cells: astrocytes, oligosendroglia,microglia, and ependymal cells. The glia fibers are stained with crystal violet which are resistant to the aniline-chloroform differentiating solution. - [Read Holzer's Stain Protocol]

Category: Immunology: Mononuclear Cell Isolation Protocols: B Lymphocyte Isolation Protocols

A flow cytometry technique is presented, which results in the selection and isolation of two populations of cells from a complex mixture based on physical properties (e.g., size and internal granularity) and correlated expression of several surface molecules - [Read Isolation of Ly-1+/CD5+ B Cells by Cell Sorting Protocol]

Category: PCR Protocols: Real-Time PCR Protocols

In multiplex real-time PCR, different sets of primers with different labels are used to amplify separate genes from the template DNA in one tube.  This protocol uses LUX (Light Upon eXtension) primers from invitrogen.  FAM (6-carboxy-fluorescein) is used to label the gene of interest, and JOE (6-carboxy-4', 5'-dichloro-2',7'-dimethoxy-fluorescein) is used to label a housekeeping gene as an internal control to normalize between different reactions. - [Read Multiplex Real-Time PCR Protocol]

Category: PCR Protocols: Reverse Transcriptase RT-PCR Protocols

In the first part of this protocol, the linear range of amplification is determined by carrying out 10 identical PCRs in the presence of [{alpha}-32P]dCTP and stopping one reaction after every two cycles.  Amplification products are quantified on a denaturing polyacrylamide gel and the results plotted on a graph (counts per minute vs. cycle number).  Total RNA is used as an internal control. - [Read Relative RT-PCR: Determining the Linear Range of Amplification and Optimizing the Primers:Competimer]

Category: Microscopy Protocols: Optical Microscopy Protocols

TIRM is a optical technique for monitoring the instantaneous separation distance between a microscopic sphere & a flat plate. Changes in distance as small as 1 nm can be detected. Includes information on: Scattering Intensity I is Related to Elevation h ; apparatus. - [Read Total Internal Reflection Microscopy]