Covers Many Western Blot Problems and Includes Many Solutions. Fuzzy Bands, Low or Weak Signal, High Background, Spots on Film, Too Many Bands. A MolecularStation Guide. - [Read Troubleshooting Western Blot]
General guidelines for long-PCR conditions and enzyme mixtures. Efficient long-PCR results from the use of two polymerases: a non-proofreading polymerase is the main polymerase in the reaction, and a proofreading polymerase (3' to 5' exo) is present at a lower concentration. Includes: For PCR with low-complexity templates (e.g., plasmid and cosmid inserts); For PCR with moderate-complexity templates (e.g., bacterial genomic DNA); For PCR with high-complexity templates (e.g., human genomic DNA). - [Read Long-PCR Reagents and Guidelines]
Gliotoxin is a metabolite of Aspergillus fumigatus that exhibits immunosuppressive activity against certain cells of the immune system. Secretion of gliotoxin during infection has been suggested as being a factor in the pathogenesis of aspergillosis. Gliotoxin secretion can be assayed in a number of ways by thin layer chromatography (TLC) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or bioassay using the effect of gliotoxin on human cells1. - [Read Method for Assaying Gliotoxin Production in Aspergillus fumigatus Protocol]
Following propagation to 1 X 108 cells, lymphoblastoid cells are conveniently stored at -80 degrees C to preserve the high molecular weight DNA in the cells until the DNA is purified. This procedure describes the steps required to harvest and freeze the c - [Read Method: Preparation of Lymphocyte Cell Pellet for Storage]
The role of microspheres in these screens is similar to their
traditional role in immunoassays, namely as a solid phase to
either enhance detection, separation, or both. The predominance of radioactive assays in high-throughput screening, along with the desire to find alternative means of detection, have led to research on substituting alternative fluorescent technologies. - [Read Microspheres for High-Throughput Screening Assays]
Protocol for northern hybridization. Protocol describes how to carry out northern hybridization at high stringency in phosphate-SDS-buffers. Although a wide variety of formats are available, hybridization is usually performed in heat-sealable bags, roller bottles, or plastic boxes, as described here. - [Read Northern Hybridization Protocol]
Protocol describes transfection of plasmid DNA into mammalian cell lines using electroporation, a process whereby external application of electric pulses induce cell membrane permeability. Cells in suspension and small volume cells are difficult to transfect, whereas adherent cells and large volume cells are relatively easy. Regardless of cell size or phenotype, transfection efficiency increases with a high concentration of cells in a small volume. - [Read Optimizing Electrotransfection of Mammalian Cells In Vitro Protocol]
The requirement of an optimal PCR reaction is to amplify a specific locus without any unspecific by-products. Therefore, annealing needs to take place at a sufficiently high temperature to allow only the perfect DNA-DNA matches to occur in the reaction. P - [Read PCR Program Design]
PCR Program Design- http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/ward/tavi/p08.html
The requirement of an optimal PCR reaction is to amplify a specific locus without any unspecific by-products. Therefore, annealing needs to take place at a sufficiently high temperature to allow only the perfect DNA-DNA matches to occur in the reaction. P - [Read PCR Program Design]
Details a placenta specific gene manipulation by transducing blastocysts with lentiviral vectors1. After a removal of zona pellucida which functions as a physical barrier, trophoblast cells lying outermost layer of blastocyst were transduced from outside with high-titer lentiviral vectors. As most placental cells descend from trophoblast cells while fetus originated from inner cell mass, transgene expression can be observed in trophoblast cells from preimplantation stages and in placenta... - [Read Placenta Specific Gene Manipulation by Transducing Zona-Free Blastocyst using Lentiviral Vector]
his protocol provides methods for the preparation of protein samples and for loading them into pulled microinjection pipettes. Stock solutions of proteins are thawed, diluted (if desired), centrifuged at high speed to remove aggregates, and kept on ice until loading. Loading into micropipettes can be done using either a "front-loading" or a "backfilling" procedure. - [Read Preparation and Loading of Protein Samples for Microinjection Protocol]
Procedure generates competent cultures of E. coli that can be transformed at high frequencies (5 x 108 transformed colonies/µg of superhelical plasmid DNA). IMPORTANT All steps in this protocol should be carried out aseptically. - [Read Preparation and Transformation of Competent E. coli Protocol]
Protocol for the preparation of ion-exchange chromatography column. Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) can be used as a crude step in a protein purification scheme, or, with proper preparation, as a high-resolution step. If high resolution is desired, considerable care should be taken during column preparation, choice of IEC media, and column packing. - [Read Preparation of an Ion-Exchange Column Protocol]
Protocol for the preparation of electrolyte gradient gels. Electrolyte gradients are formed when buffers of different concentrations are used in the upper (low electrolyte concentration) and lower (high electrolyte concentration) chambers of the electrophoresis device. - [Read Preparation of Electrolyte Gradient Gels Protocol]
Protocol is based on the standard Trizol protocol for the purification of RNA from animal cells using Trizol (Purification of RNA from Animal Cells using Trizol). In this version, adapted for use with plant tissues, a high-salt isopropanol precipitation step has been added to precipitate RNA selectively, while maintaining polysaccharides and proteoglycans in solution. - [Read Preparation of RNA from Plant Tissue Using Trizol]
DNA microarrays are an ordered arrangement of DNA molecules complementary to genes of interest that are "spotted" by robotic equipment onto a glass slide substrate. The expression of genes in cells can be monitored with microarrays by preparing cDNA from the mRNA of cells of interest and measuring the hybridization to the microarray. This protocol describes the labeling of genomic DNA for use as a probe for hybridization to the cDNA spotted on the array.
Tubulin is polymerized into microtubules by incubating tubulin at 37°C with GTP. A nucleation seed is added when the purpose is to assay microtubule elongation. Tubulin can also be polymerized for the purposes of recycling the tubulin or labeling the microtubules with fluorescently labeled tubulin. Based on the protocol by Timothy Mitchison of Harvard University.
In Vitro Translated Xenopus Mos Kinase Assay Protocol. In response to progesterone, immature Xenopus oocytes mature to eggs that can be fertilized. The Mos protein kinase is essential for oocyte maturation, most likely due to its ability to activate the MAP kinase cascade. This MAP kinase cascade eventually leads to the activation of Cdc2/cyclin B and entry into M phase. In this protocol, tagged Mos kinase is translated in vitro, immunopurified, and used in a kinase assay.
A protocol for the selection of Phage Antibodies using Immobilized Antigen. This method describes the selection of antibodies from bacteriophage antibody libraries that recognize a specific antigen. The phage display library of antibody-displaying phage particles is exposed to antigen attached to a solid substrate (Nunc Immuno™ tubes). The phage particles with affinity for antigen bind to the immobilized antigen and are selected from the library of phage expressing antibodies.
3' Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends RACE Using PCR Protocol. This protocol contains the steps for 3' end rapid amplification of mRNA by PCR. The first-strand cDNA is synthesized from total or poly(A+) RNA by priming from the poly-A tail of the mRNA using a oligo (dT) adaptor primer. The cDNA is then amplified via PCR using a gene-specific primer and an adaptor primer.
This protocol describes the electroporation of the BMH 81-17 mut S strain that is recommended for tranformation of the site directed mutagenesis of dsDNA (See Protocol on Site-Directed Mutagenesis on Double Stranded DNA). BMH 81-17 mut S are a mismatch repair defective (mut S) Escherichia coli strain. The probability that the two mutations will cosegregate during the first round of DNA replication is increased in this strain.
The protocol gives general considerations for the design of targeting vectors for transgenic mice. The protocol shares tips in the design of knock-out and knock-in vectors and some of their strategies for producing homologously recombined embryonic stem cells.