For many sources of antigens, one useful method of lysis is to treat cells with harsh, denaturing solutions to release most of the protein antigens, as described here. The lysates are then diluted to reduce the denaturing conditions to levels that are suitable for the formation of antibody-antigen complexes. The resulting solution is precleared prior to immunoprecipitation. - [Read Immunoprecipitation: Denaturing Lysis Protocol]
Most histological studies are carried out on paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples. Therefore, there is an extensive atlas of most tissues and organs prepared from these sources, and comparing the location of antigens to these data is immediately informative. The fixation and embedding procedures are harsh, however, and many antigens are not well preserved. - [Read Preparing Paraffin Tissue Sections for Immunostaining Protocol]