Describe the methods to identify and quantitate the specific A/E9a transcript in t(8;21) patients samples relative to the AML1-ETO transcript encoding the well known full-length 752 amino acid AML1-ETO protein (AE). Includes: RNA preparation and RT-PCR; Relative quantitation of the AE9a and the AE transcripts. - [Read An Alternatively Spliced Isoform of t(8;21) Transcript Promotes Leukemogenesis]
This method, for the selective amplification of full-length cDNA ends, involves the addition of an adapter during reverse transcription. This method takes advantage of the propensity of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (MMLV RT) to append two to four cytosines to the 3'-end of newly synthesized cDNA strands. The additional residues are added when the enzyme reaches the 5'-cap structure at the end of the mRNA template. - [Read Cap-Switching RACE Protocol]
Here, the DNA-RNA hybrids synthesized in Stage 1 are converted into full-length double-stranded cDNAs. The primers for synthesis of second-strand cDNA are created by RNase H, which introduces nicks into the RNA moiety of the cDNA-mRNA hybrids. E. coli DNA polymerase I extends the newly created 3'-hydroxyl termini, using the first-strand cDNA as a template. - [Read Construction of cDNA Libraries Protocol]
Fluorescent indicators for imaging protein phosphorylation in single living cells. Using Phocuses, genetically encoded fluorescent indicators, one can visualize signal transduction based on protein phosphorylation in living cells. Moritoshi Sato1, Takeaki Ozawa1, Kouichi Inukai2, Tomoichiro Asano2 & Yoshio Umezawa1. Nature Biotechnology - [Read Fluorescent indicators for imaging protein phosphorylation in single living cells]
High-resolution SNP mapping by denaturing HPLC. A SNP mapping procedure that relies on resolving polymorphisms by denaturing HPLC without the necessity of determining the nature of the SNPs. They demonstrate the use of denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography to identify mutations in the candidate genes and to fine-map chromosomal breakpoints. - [Read High-resolution SNP mapping by denaturing HPLC]
The preparation of expressional cDNA libraries for use in the yeast two-hybrid system is quick and efficient when using the dedicated Clontechâ„¢ product, the MATCHMAKER Library Construction and Screening Kit 3. This kit employs SMART technology for the amplification of full-length cDNAs, in combination with cloning using homologous recombination. - [Read Isolation of Plant Transcription Factors Using a Modified Yeast One-Hybrid System]
LCM technology can harvest the cells of interest directly or can isolate specific cells by cutting away unwanted cells to give histologically pure enriched cell populations. A variety of downstream applications exist: DNA genotyping and loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) analysis, etc. Protocol provides a thorough description of LCM techniques, with an emphasis on tips and troubleshooting advice derived from LCM users. The total time required to carry out this protocol is typically 1–1.5 h. - [Read Laser-capture Microdissection Protocol]
GFP serves as a molecular marker that can be imaged dynamically in living cells, both in its native form & as a fusion to other proteins. For GFP imaging, plants present the challenge of autofluorescence from chlorophyll, lignified cell walls, vacuolar contents, and other cell materials, all of which can obscure the GFP signal. Maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio is a major concern, and careful consideration should be given to the choice of tissue imaged, GFP expression level, etc. - [Read Live-Cell Imaging of GFP in Plants]
This protocol provides a description of how to introduce double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into Drosophila embryos by microinjection. Several days of preparation are required before injections into Drosophila embryos begin. Flies must be in abundant supply for egg collection. Bombardment of embryos with dsRNA-coated gold particles (Delivery of dsRNA into Drosophila Embryos by a Gene Gun) can be used as an alternative. - [Read Microinjection of dsRNA into Drosophila Embryos Protocol]
Human embryonic stem cells are a valuable resource for research and cell replacement therapy but are notoriously cumbersome to culture. Bhatia and colleagues show that an increased dose of basic fibroblast growth factor eliminates the need for feeder laye - [Read Simplifying hESC culture]
This protocol fixes and prepares embryos for in situ hybridization to visualize transcript expression patterns. It is a modification of the method developed by Tautz and Pfeifle for whole-mount in situ analysis of embryos. Use of the standard hybridization protocol on RNAi-treated embryos results in high background staining, which makes visualization of transcript expression patterns practically impossible. The following modifications eliminate this problem and allow visualization of transcript. - [Read Transcript In Situ Hybridization of Whole-Mount Embryos for Phenotype Analysis of RNAi-Treated]
A Single Stranded Plasmid DNA Isolation Protocol describing the production and isolation of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) using bacteriophagemid-containing bacteria and helper phage. Infection of the host cells with helper phage allows for packaging of ssDNA into bacteriophage. The ssDNA can then be isolated from phage particles.
In Vitro Translated Xenopus Mos Kinase Assay Protocol. In response to progesterone, immature Xenopus oocytes mature to eggs that can be fertilized. The Mos protein kinase is essential for oocyte maturation, most likely due to its ability to activate the MAP kinase cascade. This MAP kinase cascade eventually leads to the activation of Cdc2/cyclin B and entry into M phase. In this protocol, tagged Mos kinase is translated in vitro, immunopurified, and used in a kinase assay.
This protocol a protocol on how to generate transfected embryonic stem (ES) cell clones. The previous protocol in this series is the Protocol for Electroporation of ES cells. The next protocol in the series is the Protocol on Disaggregation, Expansion, and Freezing of Transfected ES Clones.
This protocol describes the electroporation of the BMH 81-17 mut S strain that is recommended for tranformation of the site directed mutagenesis of dsDNA (See Protocol on Site-Directed Mutagenesis on Double Stranded DNA). BMH 81-17 mut S are a mismatch repair defective (mut S) Escherichia coli strain. The probability that the two mutations will cosegregate during the first round of DNA replication is increased in this strain.
The protocol gives general considerations for the design of targeting vectors for transgenic mice. The protocol shares tips in the design of knock-out and knock-in vectors and some of their strategies for producing homologously recombined embryonic stem cells.