Describes the basic principles of in situ hybridization and advantages and disadvantages of different methodologies that can be used. Includes: Probe Selection; Probe Generation; Probe Labels; Fixation of Tissue; Hybridization and Washing; Control Procedures. - [Read In situ Hybridization]
Optimized protocols for fluorescent in situ hybridization in Drosophila tissues. Includes: RNA Probe Preparation; Initial Embryo Fixation; Post-Fixation, Hybridization and post-Hybridization Washes; Development of FISH Signal; Mounting and Viewing of Samples; Double FISH; FISH on Dissected Tissues; RNA-Protein Double-labeling. - [Read Optimized Protocols for Fluorescent in situ Hybridization in Drosophila Tissues]
Paraformaldehyde Fixation of Cells protocol. This fixation method is good for cells labeled by fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies to membrane antigens. It will stabilize the light scatter and labeling for up to a week in most instances, allowing you to be more flexible in scheduling cytometer time. Furthermore, it inactivates most biohazardous agents, so it is important from a safety standpoint as well. Iowa University. - [Read Paraformaldehyde Fixation of Cells]
Protocol for the preparation of LCM of Paraffin embedded tissue sections. Includes: Fixation; Processing, Embedding and Tissue Sectioning; Staining; Laser Transfer; DNA Extraction Protocol of LCM tissue and PCR for DNA analysis; RNA Extraction Protocol of LCM tissue and RT-PCR for mRNA analysis. - [Read Preparation and LCM of Paraffin Embedded Tissue Sections Protocol]
Most histological studies are carried out on paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples. Therefore, there is an extensive atlas of most tissues and organs prepared from these sources, and comparing the location of antigens to these data is immediately informative. The fixation and embedding procedures are harsh, however, and many antigens are not well preserved. - [Read Preparing Paraffin Tissue Sections for Immunostaining Protocol]
Presenting Exogenous Antigen to T Cells Protocol- https://catalog.invitrogen.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=iProtocol.unitSectionTree&treeNodeID=9E6631B80A848F54654FC872A48DB060&objectid=6675843EDB95D0444CF7AA285D1714C8
Protocols utilize T hybridomas to detect expression of peptide-MHC complexes, since these cells provide the most convenient, consistent, and flexible T cell readout systems for these purposes. If desired, antigen-specific T cell clones can be used in lieu of T hybridoma cells, but T cell clones often give poorer responses than T hybridomas to fixed APCs due to fixation-induced loss of costimulator function. - [Read Presenting Exogenous Antigen to T Cells Protocol]
Protocol for resin processing of bone. Includes: FIXATION; PROCESSING; EMBEDDING; RELEASING BLOCK FROM GLASS CONTAINER; SECTIONING. - [Read Resin Processing of Bone Protocol]
Protocol for RUVKUN antibody staining. Includes: Fixation; To make solution; REDUCING DISULFIDES TO -SH; OXIDIZE -SH GROUPS TO -SO3; TO CHECK THAT WORMS ARE PERMEABLE TO MACROMOLECULES; ANTIBODY INCUBATIONS; PERMANENT SPRINGTIME MOUNTING. - [Read RUVKUN Antibody Staining Protocol]
Protocol for RUVKUN Antibody Staining. Includes: Fixation; To make solution; REDUCING DISULFIDES TO -SH; OXIDIZE -SH GROUPS TO -SO3; TO CHECK THAT WORMS ARE PERMEABLE TO MACROMOLECULES; ANTIBODY INCUBATIONS; PERMANENT SPRINGTIME MOUNTING. - [Read RUVKUN Antibody Staining Protocol]
Protocol describes the transfer of RNA from agarose gels to neutral or positively charged nylon membranes, using upward capillary flow of neutral or alkaline buffers. RNA becomes covalently fixed to positively charged nylon membranes during transfer in alkaline buffers. However, treatment by UV irradiation or heating is required to fix RNA to neutral membranes. - [Read Transfer and Fixation of Denatured RNA to Membranes Protocol]
Several methods have been developed to "retrieve" antigens that have been masked by fixation. The principle behind using the microwave oven method described here is to use extended periods of heat to break some of the subcellular structures that block antibody access. Be aware that any of the antigen retrieval methods should be avoided wherever possible, because they may introduce artifactual false-positive staining. - [Read Unmasking Hidden Epitopes Using the Microwave Oven Protocol]
Fixation can mask epitopes. However, it is often possible to re-expose them using a gentle incubation with proteases, which removes obstructing structures and allows antibody access, as described here. Many proteases can be used for this procedure, including very crude preparations of proteases, such as pronase. However, using a better-characterized protease, such as trypsin, allows a more controlled reaction and better comparison between experiments. - [Read Unmasking Hidden Epitopes with Proteases Protocol]
Protocol for visualizing miRNAs in adult skeletal muscle by hybridization in situ. Includes: Visualizing miRNAs in adult skeletal muscle by hybridization in situ; Probe preparation; Tissue preparation; Fixation; Deproteinization with Proteinase K; Acetylation of the tissue; Dehydration; Hybridization step; Post-Hybridization Washes (Step 1-6 should be performed on shaker); Signal Detection (Steps should be performed on a shaker); Post-Detection Washes. - [Read Visualizing miRNAs in Adult Skeletal Muscle by Hybridization In Situ Protocol]
Protocol for visualizing miRNAs in adult skeletal muscle by hybridization in situ. Includes: Visualizing miRNAs in adult skeletal muscle by hybridization in situ; Probe preparation; Tissue preparation; Fixation; Deproteinization with Proteinase K; Acetylation of the tissue; Dehydration; Hybridization step; Post-Hybridization Washes (Step 1-6 should be performed on shaker); Signal Detection (Steps should be performed on a shaker); Post-Detection Washes. - [Read Visualizing miRNAs in Adult Skeletal Muscle by Hybridization in situ Protocol]
Protocol for whole mount fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of repetitive DNA sequences on interphase nuclei of the small cruciferous plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Includes: Seed sterilization and germination; Tissue fixation; Labeling of the probe DNA; Pretreatment; In situ hybridization; Pre-absorption of antibodies; Posthybridization washes; Immunocytochemical detection; Direct detection; Indirect detection; Staining and mounting; Fluorescence microscopy. - [Read Whole Mount Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) of Repetitive DNA Sequences on Interphase]
Protocol for whole-mount in situ hybridization for the detection of RNA in C. elegans embryos. Includes: Collection of Embryos; Permeabilization and fixation of embryos; Prehybridization; Hybridization; Post-hybridization washes; Probe Detection; Double-labeling; Interpretation. - [Read Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization for the Detection of RNA in C. elegans Embryos Protocol]
Paraffin Embedding Protocol for molecular profiling. This Paraffin Embedding Protocol describes the processing of the tissues into sections following ethanol fixation. Molecular profiling (MP) is a technique that is used to visualize the global patterns of RNA expression or protein expression in various cell types and disease processes.