enzyme Protocols

Category: Protein Protocols: Protein Ubiquitination Protocols

A specific endpoint assay for ubiquitin. Rose et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987. Simple endpoint assays for free ubiquitin (Ub) and for the Ub-activating enzyme are described. . - [Read A specific endpoint assay for ubiquitin.]

Category: Neuroscience Protocols: Histology Stains Protocols: Enzyme Histochemical Stains Protocols

Protocol stain for acetyl cholinesterase enzyme. - [Read Acetyl Cholinesterase Enzyme Histochemical Stain Protocol]

Category: PCR Protocols: Reverse Transcriptase RT-PCR Protocols

Protocol uses a single thermostable RNA polymerase to perform high-specificity RT-PCR.  A high-temperature RT reaction is followed by PCR amplification of the cDNA using a single thermostable poymerase, the GeneAmp AccRT RNA PCR enzyme from Applied Biosystems.  The high temperature of the RT reaction enhances the specificity of primer binding and also reduces secondary structure in the template, thereby increasing the efficiency of polymerization. - [Read Amplification of RNA: High-Temperature Reverse Transcription and DNA Amplification with a Magnesium]

Category: Molecular Biology Protocols: Restriction Enzyme Digestion

Very detailed class protocol for Analysis of DNA by Restriction Enzyme Cleavage and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. David Ng, UBC. - [Read Analysis of DNA by Restriction Enzyme Cleavage and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis]

Category: Drosophila Protocols

Enzyme-linked reagents give excellent sensitivity and use a simple light microscope for detection. A range of enzymes is available, but for staining in situ, horseradish peroxidase will suit most needs. Diaminobenzidine (DAB) is one of the most sensitive substrates for horseradish peroxidase. It yields an intense brown product that is insoluble in both water and alcohol. It can be made more sensitive by adding metal salts such as cobalt or nickel to the substrate solution. - [Read Antibody Addition to Drosophila Specimens and Detection Using Enzyme-Linked Reagents Protocol]

Category: Cell Biology and Cell Culture: Apoptosis Protocols: TUNEL assay apoptosis

Apoptosis Detection Using Terminal Transferase and Biotin-16-dUTP (TUNEL -Enzyme Method). IHC World - [Read Apoptosis Detection Using TUNEL Enzymatic]

Category: Cell Biology and Cell Culture: Flow Cytometry Protocols: Apoptosis Cytometry Protocols

Protocol for apoptosis detection using TUNEL protocol. This technique uses the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) to label cells that have oligonucleosomal nicks/strand breaks in their DNA. - [Read Apoptosis Detection: TUNEL Protocol]

Category: Reporter Gene Assays: B-Galactosidase Assay Protocols

The assay for ß-galactosidase relies on the ability of the enzyme to catalyze the hydrolysis of ONPG (o-nitrophenyl-ß-D- galactopyranoside) to free o-nitrophenol, which absorbs light at 420 nm. In this protocol, extracts of cells transfected with a ß-galactosidase reporter plasmid are incubated with ONPG. - [Read Assay for ß-galactosidase in Extracts of Mammalian Cells]

Category: Signalling Signal Transduction Protocols

Protocol allows you to measure the content of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP) in splenic B lymphocytes (B cells) in an enzyme-linked immunoassay. This protocol utilizes acetylation of cAMP to improve sensitivity and reduce interference. Protocol includes information on: how to determine cAMP, calculations and reagents and materials. - [Read Assay of Cyclic AMP in Lysates of Cells]

Category: Immunology: B Cell Protocols

Describes the antigenic stimulation of in vitro antibody production by B cells and the subsequent measurement of secreted antibodies. The first protocol is a generalized system for inducing in vitro antibody production and can accommodate various types of antigens under study. Secreted antibodies can then be measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or other soluble-antibody detection systems. - [Read Assays for B Lymphocyte Function Protocols]

Category: PCR Protocols: PCR Cloning Protocols

Protocol is for bidirectional, blunt-end cloning of DNA fragments.  The target DNA is PCR amplified and 3'-extensions are polished with Pfu DNA polymerase.  The amplicon is ligated to a blunt-ended plasmid DNA, and the products of the ligation reaction are used to transform competent Escherichia coli.  A restriction enzyme is added to the ligation reaction to relinearize any self-religating vector DNA. - [Read Bidirectional Cloning of PCR Products Protocol]

Category: Immunohistochemistry Protocols: Blocking Protocols

Protocols for blocking solutions. Includes: Endogenous peroxidase blocking solution (H2O2-Azide); Non-specific antibody background blocking solution: swine serum; Non-specific antibody background blocking solution: MILK; Enzymatic antigen retrieval solution; Unconjugated, biotin- and fluorochrome-conjugated antibody (primary) solutions; Unconjugated, biotin- and fluorochrome-conjugated antibody (secondary) solutions; Enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody solutions.; etc.. - [Read Blocking Solutions Protocols]

Category: PCR Protocols: PCR Cloning Protocols

Protocol for blunt-end cloning of PCR products. Incubation of a blunt-end ligation reaction in the presence of an excess amount of an appropriate restriction enzyme can dramatically increase the yield of recombinant plasmids.  The role of the restriction enzyme is to cleave circular and linear concatemers at restriction sites that are re-formed when linear, blunt-ended plasmid molecules ligate to themselves.  I - [Read Blunt-end Cloning of PCR Products Protocol]

Category: PCR Protocols: cDNA Synthesis Protocols

This method, for the selective amplification of full-length cDNA ends, involves the addition of an adapter during reverse transcription.  This method takes advantage of the propensity of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (MMLV RT) to append two to four cytosines to the 3'-end of newly synthesized cDNA strands.  The additional residues are added when the enzyme reaches the 5'-cap structure at the end of the mRNA template. - [Read Cap-Switching RACE Protocol]

Category: Genetics and Genomics: Cancer Genetics Protocols

Investigators can utilize X chromosome inactivation (methylation) to determine the clonality status of a tumor or premalignant lesion in females. The technique is based on a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme and analysis of a polymorphic locus on the X chromosome. Clonal cell populations will show "loss" of the non-methylated allele after restriction digest. The assay can be performed on DNA recovered from microdissected samples. Both frozen tissue and fixed-embedded tissue can be used. - [Read Clonality - X Chromosome Inactivation Assay Protocol]

Category: Molecular Biology Protocols: Restriction Enzyme Digestion

Cloning Enzymes a Guide Promega. An Enzyme Resource Guide series, highlights those enzymes important in nucleic acid cloning procedures. Promega - [Read Cloning Enzymes a Guide Promega]

Category: Viral Manipulation Protocols: M13 Phage Manipulation Protocols

Protocol describes three standard methods to construct bacteriophage M13 recombinants: (1) ligating insert DNA to a linearized vector, prepared by cleavage of M13 RF with a single restriction enzyme; (2) using alkaline phosphatase to suppress self-ligation of the linearized vector, and (3) using M13 RF cleaved with two restriction enzymes for directional cloning. - [Read Cloning into Bacteriophage M13 Vectors Protocol]

Category: Neuroscience Protocols: Histology Stains Protocols: Enzyme Histochemical Stains Protocols

Protocol for cytochrome oxidase technique, enzyme histochemical stains. - [Read Cytochrome Oxidase Technique Protocol]

Category: Pharmacology and Toxicology Protocols: Enzyme Assays Protocols

Protocol for Cytochrome P450. Includes: Microsome Assays General; General Reaction Conditions; Specific Substrates for Cytochrome P450 Isozymes. - [Read Cytochrome P450 Recombinant Enzyme Microsome Protocol]

Category: ELISA Protocols: Sandwich ELISA Assay Protocols

Cytokine sandwich ELISA are sensitive enzyme immunoassays that can specifically detect and quantitate the concentration of soluble cytokine and chemokine proteins. BD Biosciences - [Read Cytokine ELISA Protocol]

Category: Signalling Signal Transduction Protocols: Cytokine Protocols

Cytokine Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assays. Cytokine ELISPOT Buffers and procedure protocol. - [Read Cytokine ELISPOT (Enzyme-linked ImmunoSPOT) Protocols]

Category: PCR Protocols: PCR Cloning Protocols

Protocol is for directional blunt-end cloning of DNA fragments.  The target DNA is PCR-amplified, 3'-extensions are polished with Pfu DNA polymerase, and the amplicon is ligated to a blunt-ended plasmid DNA.  The products of the ligation reaction are used to transform competent Escherichia coli.  A restriction enzyme is added to the ligation reaction to relinearize any self-religating vector DNA. - [Read Directional Cloning of PCR Products Protocol]

Category: Pharmacology and Toxicology Protocols: Cytotoxicity Protocols: Cytotoxicity Assays in Cell Culture Protocols

Macrophage cells in culture may be exposed to particulate matter, and resultant effects upon cell viability determined by vital dye exclusion and enzyme leakage assays. - [Read Dust Toxicity in Rat Alveolar Macrophage Cultures Protocol]

Category: ELISA Protocols

ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoadSorbent Assay) Method and technique. Jill Fergusson, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nottingham, - [Read ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoadSorbent Assay)]

Category: ELISA Protocols

Protocol for immunizations and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibody isotype determination. - [Read ELISA for Antibody Isotype Determination Protocol]