early Protocols

Category: PCR Protocols: AFLP PCR

AFLP® technology was developed initially by Keygene in the early 1990’s. AFLP has become a widespread genetic fingerprinting technology. AFLP video and diagrams. Keygene - [Read AFLP - Genetic Fingerprinting]

Category: Cell Biology and Cell Culture: Cell Cycle Protocols

protocol describes a method for the synchronization of cell populations using centrifugal elutriation. The method relies on the fact that cell size increases linearly as cells proceed through the cell cycle. Cells of similar size (and cell cycle phase) are eluted stepwise from the cell chamber, with the smallest size (those in early G1) being eluted first. Using this procedure, it is possible to obtain relatively pure populations of cells at various points in G1, S, and G2/M. - [Read Cell Synchronization Using Centrifugal Elutriation Protocol]

Category: Cell Biology and Cell Culture: Flow Cytometry Protocols: Cell Cycle Analysis Protocols

This protocol describes a method for the synchronization of cell populations using centrifugal elutriation. The method relies on the fact that cell size increases linearly as cells proceed through the cell cycle. Cells of similar size (and cell cycle phase) are eluted stepwise from the cell chamber, with the smallest size (those in early G1) being eluted first. Using this procedure, it is possible to obtain relatively pure populations of cells at various points in G1, S, and G2/M. - [Read Cell Synchronization Using Centrifugal Elutriation Protocol]

Category: RNAi Technology Protocols: RNAi Mouse Embryos and Oocytes Protocols

Protocol describes a method to collect early embryos from 6-week-old mice.  Subsequently, the isolated embryos can be injected with double-stranded RNA to induce knockdown of a gene of interest. - [Read Collection of Early Mouse Embryos for RNAi Protocol]

Category: Cell Biology and Cell Culture: Apoptosis Protocols: Apoptosis Analysis

Detection of Phosphatidylserine Externalization During Apoptosis. Shailaja Kasibhatla et al. An early event in apoptosis is the externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS), a phospholipid normally restricted to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. This apoptotic event can be monitored using Annexin V, a PS-specific binding protein. This protocol uses Annexin V-FITC as a probe, but Annexin V-biotin is also available, and binding can be revealed using streptavidin-FITC or oth - [Read Detection Of Phosphatidylserine Externalization During Apoptosis (Subscription Required)]

Category: Drosophila Protocols: Drosophila Dissection Protocols

Protocol for the dissection of Drosophila CNSs. Includes: Tools; Dissection of the CNS; Dissecting larval CNSs; Dissecting early pupae; Dissecting mid pupae; Dissecting late pupae; Dissecting the whole CNS; Dissecting only the brain proper; Taking the pupa out of the puparium. - [Read Dissection of Drosophila CNSs Protocol]

Category: Immunology: B Cell Protocols

B cell activation can be quantitated indirectly by assaying antibody production or directly by measuring cellular changes that occur immediately after exposure to an activation signal. Provides methods for the latter (direct) approach--namely, methods for quantifying early parameters of B cell activation such as increases in intracellular ionized calcium concentration [Ca2+]I, cell size, and MHC class II-antigen expression. - [Read Early Events in B Lymphocyte Activation Protocol]

Category: Stem Cell Protocols: Stem Cell Isolation Protocols

Isolation of postimplantation-stage embryos allows one to study normal development as well as genetic mutations which cause postimplantation defects. This protocol describes a method for isolation of early neural-fold-stage embryos. - [Read Isolating Postimplantation Embryos: Early Neural-Fold-Stage Protocol]

Category: Stem Cell Protocols: Stem Cell Isolation Protocols

Isolation of postimplantation-stage embryos allows one to study normal development as well as genetic mutations which cause post-implantation defects. This protocol describes a method for isolating early primitive-streak-stage embryos. - [Read Isolating Postimplantation Embryos: Early Primitive-Streak-Stage Protocol]

Category: Stem Cell Protocols: Stem Cell Isolation Protocols

Isolation of postimplantation-stage embryos allows one to study normal development as well as genetic mutations which cause postimplantation defects. This protocol describes a method for isolating early somite-stage embryos (~8.5 days post coitum [dpc]). - [Read Isolating Postimplantation Embryos: Early Somite-Stage Protocol]

Category: Viral Culture and Isolation Protocols: Viral Isolation Protocols

During incubation period and the course of disease, SARS virus replicates and releases from cells. The level of virus varies greatly from sample to sample. At early stage of incubation period or during the late convalescent phase, the concentration of virus is very low in all kinds of samples. Virus is also detected at extremely low concentrations in plasma during... - [Read Kit for Rapid Enrichment of SARS Virus]

Category: C. elegans Protocols

To image early cleavages and chromatin dynamics, it is convenient to use histone H2B fused to GFP or lamin::GFP. Time-lapse movies can be obtained using conventional confocal microscope systems and their included software. Early embryos dissected from transgenic hermaphrodites are placed with egg salts on agar pads. - [Read Live Imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans: Examples]

Category: RNAi Technology Protocols: RNAi Mouse Embryos and Oocytes Protocols

Protocol describes how to introduce a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of choice into mouse oocytes or fertilized one-cell embryos by microinjection.  For collection of mouse oocytes and early embryos, see Collection of Mouse Oocytes for RNAi and Collection of Early Mouse Embryos for RNAi. - [Read Microinjection of dsRNA into Mouse Oocytes and Early Embryos Protocol]

Category: Plant Biology Protocols: Plant Tissue Culture

Plant tissue culture. *. Unpublished protocols ... ;Plant tissue culture was highly influential in the UK during the 1980s and early... National Centre for Biotechnology Education | Protocols | Plant tissue culture. - [Read National Centre for Biotechnology Education | Protocols | Plant tissue culture]

Category: Cell Biology and Cell Culture: In Vitro Reconstitution Protocols

Protocol describes a system which includes all of the necessary components for in vitro transcription as well as a positive control template that provides run-off transcripts from a CMV immediate early promoter. This system is designed for runoff transcription. Alternatively, transcription products can be analyzed by primer extension. - [Read Nuclear Extract in vitro Transcription System]

Category: RNAi Technology Protocols: RNAi Mouse Embryos and Oocytes Protocols

Protocol describes in vitro transcription with the SP6 polymerase.  For other polymerases (T3, T7), simply use the appropriate buffer and desired RNA polymerase instead of the SP6 polymerase. - [Read Preparation of dsRNA Molecules for RNAi in Mouse Oocytes and Early Embryos Protocol]

Category: Drosophila Protocols: Drosophila Staining Protocols

Early embryos (0-17 hours or until cuticle formation) are treated with a mixture of organic solvents, formaldehyde, and alcohols, as described here. The cuticles of late-stage embryos are usually opened by sonication. Tissues from more advanced stages of development are normally dissected by hand and then fixed and stained in a standard paraformaldehyde/detergent combination - [Read Preparing Early Whole-Mount Drosophila Embryos for Immunostaining Protocol]

Category: Drosophila Protocols: Drosophila Staining Protocols

Early and late embryos are treated with a mixture of organic solvents, formaldehyde, and alcohols. The cuticles of late-stage embryos (17-22 hours or until hatching) are usually opened by sonication, as described here. Tissues from later stages of development are normally dissected by hand and then fixed and stained in a standard paraformaldehyde/detergent combination. - [Read Preparing Late Whole-Mount Drosophila Embryos for Immunostaining Protocol]

Category: Microscopy Protocols: In Vivo Imaging Protocols

To image early cleavages and chromatin dynamics, it is convenient to use histone H2B fused to GFP or lamin::GFP. Time-lapse movies can be obtained using conventional confocal microscope systems and their included software. Early embryos dissected from transgenic hermaphrodites are placed with egg salts on agar pads. Chromatin dynamics can be followed easily, and wild-type embryonic cells can be compared with mutants or RNAi-treated embryos. - [Read Protocol Live Imaging of Caenorhabditis Elegans]

Category: RNAi Technology Protocols: RNAi Mouse Embryos and Oocytes Protocols

Protocol describes the use of RT-PCR to confirm knockdown of a gene of interest in RNAi-treated mouse oocytes and early embryos.  All of the solutions used during RNA isolation and reverse transcription must be Rnase-free - [Read RNA Isolation and RT-PCR from dsRNA-Treated Mouse Oocytes and Early Embryos Protocol]

Category: Primary Cell Isolation and Culture Protocols

This protocol describes a method for static culture of early postimplantation mouse embryos on a microscope stage. Embryos between 6.5 and 9.5 days post coitum (dpc) can be cultured and imaged for 24 hours, with very little growth retardation. - [Read Static Culture of Postimplantation Embryos for Imaging Protocol]

Category: Mouse Protocols: Mouse Cell Culture Protocols

Protocol describes a method for static culture of early postimplantation mouse embryos on a microscope stage. Embryos between 6.5 and 9.5 days post coitum (dpc) can be cultured and imaged for 24 hours, with very little growth retardation. - [Read Static Culture of Postimplantation Embryos for Imaging Protocol]

Category: Transfection Protocols: Transient Transfection Protocols

Transient transfection into 293T cells is a convenient way to overexpress and obtain both cellular and extracellular (secreted or membrane) proteins. 293 is a human renal epithelial cell line which is transformed by adenovirus E1A gene product. 293T is a derivative which also express SV40 large T antigen, allowing episomal replication of plasmids containing the SV40 origin and early promoter region. They (both) have the unusual property of being highly transfectable. - [Read Transient Transfection Into 293T Cells Protocol]

Category: Developmental Biology: Embryology Protocols

This protocol describes a method for visualizing early embryo implantation sites using Chicago Sky Blue 6B dye. Once implantation and interimplantation sites are identified and separated, they can be used for cellular, biochemical, and molecular biology analyses. - [Read Visualizing Early Embryo Implantation Sites by Dye Injection Protocol]