Protocol describes, samples containing the target protein are deposited onto a polyvinyldifluoride (PVDF) membrane using a vacuum manifold. The immobilized protein is exposed to an antibody specific for the target protein, followed by an antibody that reacts with species-specific determinants carried by the primary antibody and is conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). - [Read Measuring Protein Concentration by Western Analysis Using Enhanced Chemiluminescence Detection]
Several common drugs, their targets, and protocols are described for studying organelle distribution and trafficking. The drugs are readily available from general suppliers, including Sigma, Roche, and Calbiochem. - [Read Membrane Trafficking and Organelle Reagents]
This protocol provides a description of how to introduce double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into Drosophila embryos by microinjection. Several days of preparation are required before injections into Drosophila embryos begin. Flies must be in abundant supply for egg collection. Bombardment of embryos with dsRNA-coated gold particles (Delivery of dsRNA into Drosophila Embryos by a Gene Gun) can be used as an alternative. - [Read Microinjection of dsRNA into Drosophila Embryos Protocol]
Protocol describes how to introduce a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of choice into mouse oocytes or fertilized one-cell embryos by microinjection. For collection of mouse oocytes and early embryos, see Collection of Mouse Oocytes for RNAi and Collection of Early Mouse Embryos for RNAi. - [Read Microinjection of dsRNA into Mouse Oocytes and Early Embryos Protocol]
This protocol describes a method for microinjecting proteins into the nucleus or cytoplasm of adherent cells. Microinjection equipment can be obtained from a number of suppliers; this protocol has been used with the Narishige IM-200 air pressure regulator and the Leitz micromanipulator. Using this system, it is possible to microinject a constant volume within a 50% difference among cells. - [Read Microinjection of Protein Samples Protocol]
Protocol describes a method for the evaluation of mitochondrial function using the fluorochrome CMXRos. CMXRos is sequestered by actively respiring mitochondria, but washed out when the mitochondrial membrane potential is lost. This analysis can be combined with the TUNEL technique or immunocytochemistry. - [Read Microscopic Analysis of Mitochondrial Transmembrane Potential Protocol]
In MOPAC, the amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal sequences of a peptide are used to design two redundant families of oligonucleotides encoding the aminoand carboxy-terminal sequences of the peptide. The primers are used either to amplify a segment of cDNA prepared by RT-PCR from a tissue known to express the protein or to amplify a segment of DNA from an established genomic or cDNA library. - [Read Mixed Oligonucleotide-primed Amplification of cDNA MOPAC Protocol]
Protocol describes monosaccharide analysis by methanolysis. The method gives more complex chromatograms than the corresponding alditol acetate method, because up to four methyl glycosides can be produced from each monosaccharide. However, the method is easier to perform. - [Read Monosaccharide Analysis by Methanolysis Protocol]
Protocol presents a method that allows rapid determination of the monosaccharide composition of glycans, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans that contain (or are suspected to contain) phosphorylated sugars. (For samples that do not contain phosphorylated sugars see Monosaccharide Analysis by Methanolysis.) - [Read Monosaccharide Analysis of Phosphorylated Sugars by Methanolysis and Diazomethane Methylation]
Protocol describes how to determine the monosaccharide composition of glycans, glycoproteins, or proteoglycans by hydrolyzing the sample to monosaccharides and converting them to alditols, then performing acetylation to make them volatile compounds and analysis by gas chromatography (GC) or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). - [Read Monosaccharide Composition Analysis: Alditol Acetates Protocol]
Mounting media for immunohistology must be compatible with the detection method used. A suitable non-aqueous mounting medium is DPX. - [Read Mounting Samples in DPX Protocol]
Protocol describes a method for Caesarean section and fostering. Caesarean section is required if the recipient of an embryo transfer or any pregnant mouse has not given birth by the delivery time normal for the particular strain. - [Read Mouse Caesarean Section and Fostering Protocol]
Protocol describes castration of male mice, which is used to eliminate testicular hormones and/or to obtain testes for analysis without sacrificing the male. Castration is performed in a similar manner to vasectomy. - [Read Mouse Castration Protocol]
In multiplex real-time PCR, different sets of primers with different labels are used to amplify separate genes from the template DNA in one tube. This protocol uses LUX (Light Upon eXtension) primers from invitrogen. FAM (6-carboxy-fluorescein) is used to label the gene of interest, and JOE (6-carboxy-4', 5'-dichloro-2',7'-dimethoxy-fluorescein) is used to label a housekeeping gene as an internal control to normalize between different reactions. - [Read Multiplex Real-Time PCR Protocol]
In Vitro Translated Xenopus Mos Kinase Assay Protocol. In response to progesterone, immature Xenopus oocytes mature to eggs that can be fertilized. The Mos protein kinase is essential for oocyte maturation, most likely due to its ability to activate the MAP kinase cascade. This MAP kinase cascade eventually leads to the activation of Cdc2/cyclin B and entry into M phase. In this protocol, tagged Mos kinase is translated in vitro, immunopurified, and used in a kinase assay.