Protocol for dealing with carryover contamination in PCR- enzymatic strategy. Repeated use of PCR and manipulation of its products cause aerosols that can contaminate neighboring samples and work areas. Such "carryover contamination" can be prevented by including dUTP in place of dTTP for all amplification reactions. - [Read Dealing with Carryover Contamination in PCR: An Enzymatic Strategy Protocol]
To reduce backgrounds and to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, an antibody that does not recognize the antigen being studied can be added to the lysate and processed as for a normal immunoprecipitation. Any nonspecific proteins that might contaminate the final immunoprecipitation step are presumably removed with this irrelevant antibody. - [Read Immunoprecipitation: Preclearing the Lysate Protocol]
Troubleshoot Immunoprecipitation. Chemicon. The most common challenge with immunoprecipitation is trying to lower the number and type of background proteins that contaminate the washed immune complexes. Suggestions for decreasing background in IP. - [Read Troubleshoot Immunoprecipitation]
The DNA Ligation protocol described here contains the steps required to join together using ligase enzyme both plasmid DNA and insert DNA fragments in order to create a new plasmid. This new ligated plasmid can be transformed after into competent bacteria to produce DNA for mini, midi or maxi-prep isolation.
The protocol gives general considerations for the design of targeting vectors for transgenic mice. The protocol shares tips in the design of knock-out and knock-in vectors and some of their strategies for producing homologously recombined embryonic stem cells.