Extreme care should be used to identify and verify positive reactions, however, because cross-reactions are common. Counterstaining is essential for examining worms by immunofluorescence and is used to identify the exact cell in which an antigen appears. Methods for counterstaining include labeling all cells with a fluorescent dye that is specific for nucleic acids (e.g., DAPI or propidium iodide) and using GFP driven by tissue-specific promoters. - [Read Antibody Addition and Detection for Staining Caenorhabditis elegans Protocol]
The AfCS is utilizing antisense technology to manipulate signaling protein expression in the RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cell line. This can be achieved by the transfection of gene-specific antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). The following procedure involves the transfection of ASOs into RAW 264.7 cells using FuGENE 6 transfection reagent. Subsequently, the isolated total RNA or protein from these transfected cells can be used to assess the level of mRNA or protein knockdown,
respectively. - [Read Antisense Oligonucleotide Transfection of RAW 264.7 Cells with FuGENE 6 in a 24-Well Dish]
Protocol for apoptosis detection using TUNEL protocol. This technique uses the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) to label cells that have oligonucleosomal nicks/strand breaks in their DNA. - [Read Apoptosis Detection: TUNEL Protocol]
Protocol applies EFs to cells in vitro but has been modified and to use electrotactic chambers to accommodate cells growing in planar culture or in three-dimensional (3D) gels, en bloc tissue cultures in 3D and possible small embryos, such as that from frog and zebra fish. The EF is applied to the cells or tissues cultured in a customer designed electrotactic chamber via agar salt bridges, Steinberg’s solution and Ag/AgCl electrodes. - [Read Application of Direct Current Electric Fields to Cells and Tissues in vitro]
The assay for ß-galactosidase relies on the ability of the enzyme to catalyze the hydrolysis of ONPG (o-nitrophenyl-ß-D- galactopyranoside) to free o-nitrophenol, which absorbs light at 420 nm. In this protocol, extracts of cells transfected with a ß-galactosidase reporter plasmid are incubated with ONPG. - [Read Assay for ß-galactosidase in Extracts of Mammalian Cells]
In this protocol, cells transfected with a luciferase reporter plasmid are lysed in a detergent-containing buffer. Luciferase in the extract catalyzes an oxidation reaction in which D-luciferin is converted to oxyluciferin, with production of light at 556 nm that can be quantified in a luminometer. - [Read Assay for Luciferase in Extracts of Mammalian Cells Protocol]
Method describes how a crude extract is prepared, and the activity is normalized to the amount of protein assayed. This method is particularly suitable for comparing cells that are grown under very different conditions or that have different genetic backgrounds. - [Read Assay of ß-Galactosidase in Yeast: Assay of Crude Extracts]
Protocol describes how a crude extract is prepared, and the activity is normalized to the amount of protein assayed. This method is particularly suitable for comparing cells that are grown under very different conditions or that have different genetic backgrounds. - [Read Assay of ß-Galactosidase in Yeast: Assay of Crude Extracts Protocol]
Protocol allows you to measure the content of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP) in splenic B lymphocytes (B cells) in an enzyme-linked immunoassay. This protocol utilizes acetylation of cAMP to improve sensitivity and reduce interference. Protocol includes information on: how to determine cAMP, calculations and reagents and materials. - [Read Assay of Cyclic AMP in Lysates of Cells]
This protocol describes a method to assess concentrations of free cytoplasmic calcium, [Ca2+]i, in cultured adherent RAW 264.7 cells, using a 96-well plate format. This objective is accomplished by using the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye, fluo-3, which permeates cell membranes as an ester and is
hydrolyzed in the cell to its Ca2+-sensitive acidic form. - [Read Assay of Intracellular Free Calcium in RAW 264.7 Cells]
This protocol describes a method to assess concentrations of free cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) in cultured RAW 264.7 cells. This objective is accomplished with the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye, fluo-3, which permeates cells as an ester and is hydrolyzed in the cell to its Ca2+-sensitive acidic form. Fluorescence is measured over time with adherent cells that have been washed free of extracellular dye. - [Read Assay of Intracellular Free Calcium in RAW 264.7 Cells for Ligand Screen Protocol]
This protocol describes a method to assess concentrations of free cytoplasmic calcium, [Ca2+]i, in cultured adherent RAW 264.7 cells, using a 96- well plate format. This objective is accomplished by using the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye, fluo-3, which permeates cell membranes as an ester and is
hydrolyzed in the cell to its Ca2+-sensitive acidic form. Fluorescence for the adherent cells is measured over time by using a bottom read of a 96-well plate, with cells that have been washed. - [Read Assay of Intracellular Free Calcium in RAW 264.7 Cells Loaded with Fluo-3 Protocol]
This protocol describes a method to assess concentrations of free cytoplasmic calcium, [Ca2+], in cultured adherent RAW 264.7 cells, using a 96-well plate format. This objective is accomplished by using the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye, fura-2, which permeates cell membranes as an ester and is
hydrolyzed in the cell to its Ca2+-sensitive acidic form. - [Read Assay of Intracellular Free Calcium in RAW 264.7 Cells Loaded with Fura-2 (with FLEXstation)]
This protocol describes a method to assess concentrations of free cytoplasmic calcium, [Ca2+]i , in cultured adherent RAW 264.7 cells, using a 96- well plate format. This objective is accomplished by using the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye, fura-2, which permeates cell membranes as an ester and is
hydrolyzed in the cell to its Ca2+-sensitive acidic form. - [Read Assay of Intracellular Free Calcium in RAW 264.7 Cells Loaded with Fura-2 Protocol]
This protocol describes a method to assess concentrations of free cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) in mouse splenic B cells in the absence and presence of ligands for cell surface receptors. This objective is accomplished with the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye, Fluo-3, which permeates cells as an ester and is hydrolyzed in the cell to its Ca2+ sensitive acidic form. - [Read Assay of Intracellular Free Calcium in Suspended B Cells]
A Single Stranded Plasmid DNA Isolation Protocol describing the production and isolation of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) using bacteriophagemid-containing bacteria and helper phage. Infection of the host cells with helper phage allows for packaging of ssDNA into bacteriophage. The ssDNA can then be isolated from phage particles.
DNA microarrays are an ordered arrangement of DNA molecules complementary to genes of interest that are "spotted" by robotic equipment onto a glass slide substrate. The expression of genes in cells can be monitored with microarrays by preparing cDNA from the mRNA of cells of interest and measuring the hybridization to the microarray. This protocol describes the labeling of genomic DNA for use as a probe for hybridization to the cDNA spotted on the array.
Tubulin is polymerized into microtubules by incubating tubulin at 37°C with GTP. A nucleation seed is added when the purpose is to assay microtubule elongation. Tubulin can also be polymerized for the purposes of recycling the tubulin or labeling the microtubules with fluorescently labeled tubulin. Based on the protocol by Timothy Mitchison of Harvard University.
This Microarray Protocol Preparation of Fluorescent DNA Probes from Human mRNA protocol describes the production of probes labeled with the fluorescent dyes, Cy3 and Cy5, following the synthesis of cDNA from human mRNA and the hybridization of the probes to DNA microarrays.
A single step RNA isolation protocol using Phenol Chloroform Extraction and Acid Guanidinium Thiocyanate. This RNA isolation method uses the fact that guanidinium thiocyanate can simultaneously lyse the cells and inactive cellular RNAses during the initial RNA isolation step allow a single step in the method.
Paraffin Embedding Protocol for molecular profiling. This Paraffin Embedding Protocol describes the processing of the tissues into sections following ethanol fixation. Molecular profiling (MP) is a technique that is used to visualize the global patterns of RNA expression or protein expression in various cell types and disease processes.