Extreme care should be used to identify and verify positive reactions, however, because cross-reactions are common. Counterstaining is essential for examining worms by immunofluorescence and is used to identify the exact cell in which an antigen appears. Methods for counterstaining include labeling all cells with a fluorescent dye that is specific for nucleic acids (e.g., DAPI or propidium iodide) and using GFP driven by tissue-specific promoters. - [Read Antibody Addition and Detection for Staining Caenorhabditis elegans Protocol]
Cosuppression is a process in Caenorhabditis elegans that closely resembles RNAi. In contrast to RNAi, however, the cosuppression effect in C. elegans does not spread throughout the animal. Cosuppression in C. elegans can be triggered by highly repetitive transgenes that contain gene constructs. - [Read Cosuppression in C. elegans Protocol]
Protocol uses Rnase protection to detect short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in RNA preparations from Caenorhabditis elegans. SiRNAs can also be detected by northern blot. However, the Rnase protection assay seems to be more sensitive. - [Read Detection of siRNA in C. elegans Using Rnase Protection Protocol]
Bouin’s fixative is a particularly good choice for worms because it penetrates dense tissues well and is extremely good for fixing antigens. Like all strong fixatives, however, it is unsuitable for some antibody-antigen pairs. In such cases, the length of time in the Bouin’s fixative can be shortened, or paraformaldehyde fixation can be used instead. - [Read Fixing Caenorhabditis elegans in Bouin’s Fixative Protocol]
Common method for fixing worms is to use paraformaldehyde. This method provides a gentler fixation than the Bouin’s method, but often requires the use of collagenase. This method is particularly good for examining adult worms. - [Read Fixing Caenorhabditis elegans in Paraformaldehyde Protocol]
Protocol describes an easily scalable way of introducing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in Caenorhabditis elegans: feeding the nematode with bacteria that express dsRNA. When using an RNase-III-negative Escherichia coli strain (HT115), the efficiency of this method is comparable to the alternative. - [Read Introduction of Double-Stranded RNA in C. elegans by Feeding Protocol]
Protocol describes an easily scalable way of introducing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in Caenorhabditis elegans: feeding the nematode with bacteria that express dsRNA. When using an Rnase-III-negative Escherichia coli strain (HT115), the efficiency of this method is comparable to the alternative. - [Read Introduction of Double-Stranded RNA in C. elegans by Feeding Protocol]
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can be efficiently introduced into Caenorhabditis elegans by microinjection into the gonad, the gut, or the body fluid. The RNAi effect will spread within the nematode, exerting an effect beyond the site of injection. - [Read Introduction of Double-Stranded RNA in C. elegans by Injection Protocol]
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can be efficiently introduced into Caenorhabditis elegans by microinjection into the gonad, the gut, or the body fluid. The RNAi effect will spread within the nematode, exerting an effect beyond the site of injection. - [Read Introduction of Double-Stranded RNA in C. elegans by Injection Protocol]
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can be introduced into Caenorhabditis elegans by soaking the animals in a solution of dsRNA. Alternative methods are dsRNA injection (see Introduction of Double-stranded RNA in C. elegans by Injection) and feeding the animals with bacteria that produce dsRNA. - [Read Introduction of Double-Stranded RNA in C. elegans by Soaking Protocol]
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can be introduced into Caenorhabditis elegans by soaking the animals in a solution of dsRNA. Alternative methods are dsRNA injection and feeding the animals with bacteria that produce dsRNA. - [Read Introduction of Double-Stranded RNA in C. elegans by Soaking Protocol]
To image early cleavages and chromatin dynamics, it is convenient to use histone H2B fused to GFP or lamin::GFP. Time-lapse movies can be obtained using conventional confocal microscope systems and their included software. Early embryos dissected from transgenic hermaphrodites are placed with egg salts on agar pads. - [Read Live Imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans: Examples]
Caenorhabditis elegans, a small (adults are ~1 mm long), free-living soil nematode that feeds on bacteria, is an ideal organism for applying various live microscopy techniques. This protocol describes useful techniques for preparing C. elegans for live microscopic analysis. Details of sample preparation depend on the developmental stage of the worm to be studied. - [Read Live Imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans: Preparation of Samples]
To image early cleavages and chromatin dynamics, it is convenient to use histone H2B fused to GFP or lamin::GFP. Time-lapse movies can be obtained using conventional confocal microscope systems and their included software. Early embryos dissected from transgenic hermaphrodites are placed with egg salts on agar pads. Chromatin dynamics can be followed easily, and wild-type embryonic cells can be compared with mutants or RNAi-treated embryos. - [Read Protocol Live Imaging of Caenorhabditis Elegans]