Analysis of DNA Fragmentation Using Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Shailaja Kasibhatla et al. This protocol provides a qualitative method for assessing cell death by detecting DNA fragments using agarose gel electrophoresis. One of the classic features of apoptosis is the cleavage of the genomic DNA into oligonucleosomal fragments represented by multiples of 180-200 bp. Visualizing these fragments can aid in characterizing an apoptotic event. May be combined with more quantitative methods. - [Read Analysis of DNA Fragmentation Using Agarose Gel Electrophoresis (Subscription Required)]
Annexin V, belonging to a recently discovered family of proteins, the annexins, with anticoagulant properties has proven to be a useful tool in detecting apoptotic cells since it preferentially binds to negatively charged phospholipids like PS in the presence of Ca2+ and shows minimal binding to phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyeline. Changes in PS asymmetry, which is analyzed by measuring Annexin V binding to the cell membrane, were detected before morphological changes associated with... - [Read Annexin V Protocol]
Detection of Phosphatidylserine Externalization During Apoptosis. Shailaja Kasibhatla et al. An early event in apoptosis is the externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS), a phospholipid normally restricted to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. This apoptotic event can be monitored using Annexin V, a PS-specific binding protein. This protocol uses Annexin V-FITC as a probe, but Annexin V-biotin is also available, and binding can be revealed using streptavidin-FITC or oth - [Read Detection Of Phosphatidylserine Externalization During Apoptosis (Subscription Required)]
DNA laddering can be detected from samples with only 8% apoptotic cells. Alternatively, the cells can be stained with DAPI and analysed by flow cytometry. CellDeath.de - [Read DNA laddering assay for treated cells]
Leukostat Staining of Cytospin Preparations to Detect Apoptosis. Shailaja Kasibhatla et al. Leukostat staining is used to visualize nuclear changes and apoptotic body formation that are characteristic of apoptosis. Cells are viewed under a light microscope and counted to quantify apoptosis. This protocol can be used both for cells that grow in suspension and for adherent cells. - [Read Leukostat Staining of Cytospin Preparations to Detect Apoptosis]
DNA Fragmentation Assay allows determination of the amount of DNA that is degraded upon treatment of cells with treatment of apoptotic agents. Celldeath.de - [Read Radioactive DNA Fragmentation Assay]
Removal of CCR5 ligands and induction of pro-resolving lipid mediators by apoptotic neutrophils during resolution. Application of lipid extraction from peritoneal exudates, in tandem with lipid mediator informatics can be used to determine the role of apoptotic neutrophils in the generation of resolution phase lipid mediators. This neutrophil transfer system allows the determination of the direct impact of apoptotic leukocytes in the resolution of inflammation. - [Read Removal of CCR5 Ligands and Induction of Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators by Apoptotic Neutrophils]
In an attempt to accurately measure DNA content with simultaneous preservation of cell surface markers, we have utilized gentle ethanol treatment techniques, which permeablize cells with minimal loss of surface antigen expression and antibody-antigen association. For some cell types, the presence of apoptotic cells based on reduced DNA content can also be detected. One such technique employs the addition of ethanol to cells previously resuspended in high concentrations of fetal bovine serum... - [Read Simultaneous Analysis of DNA Content and Surface Immunophenotype Protocol]