Antibody-antigen complexes are removed from solution by addition of an insoluble form of an antibody binding protein such as Protein A, Protein G or second antibody. Immunoprecipitation protocols / methodology and technical background information. P.J. Ha - [Read Analysis of Proteins by Immunoprecipitation]
Immunoprecipitation Troubleshooting Guide. Stressgen. Problem: Non-specific
background, Specific
Background, Specific antigen
not detected. With Solutions to common IP problems. - [Read Immunoprecipitation Troubleshooting Guide PDF]
Transient transfection into 293T cells is a convenient way to overexpress and obtain both cellular and extracellular (secreted or membrane) proteins. 293 is a human renal epithelial cell line which is transformed by adenovirus E1A gene product. 293T is a derivative which also express SV40 large T antigen, allowing episomal replication of plasmids containing the SV40 origin and early promoter region. They (both) have the unusual property of being highly transfectable. - [Read Transient Transfection Into 293T Cells Protocol]
Protocol for polyclonal antibody production. Very useful for rapid and simple generation of antibodies for western blots, ELISA assays, and immunoprecipitation. Includes: Rabbit Immunization; Initial Preparation; Pre-bleed; Antigen Injection; Monitoring of Titer; Purification of Antibodies. - [Read Polyclonal Antibody Production Protocol]
Protocol used to for immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded sections. Based on use of microwave energy to effect antigen retrieval. The immunohistochemistry procedure, is for use of Biomeda's HistoScan kit based on a streptavidin-peroxidase/biotinylated second antibody detection system with 3-amino, 9-ethylcarbazole (AEC) as chromogen. Undoubtedly, other kits or home-made reagents will also work . - [Read Antigen Retrieval for Immunohistochemistry with Paraffin-Embedded Tissues Protocol]
Organic solvents such as alcohols and acetone remove lipids and dehydrate cells, precipitating the proteins on the cellular architecture. Be aware that different antigens may be affected differently by the various solvents. If no previous data are available for your antigen, start with the 50/50 mixture. For tissue culture dishes, concentrations of acetone higher than 50% will destroy the integrity of the plastic. - [Read Fixing Attached Cells in Organic Solvents Protocol]
ANTIBODY PURIFICATION by affinity chromatography. By Beth, Mullins Lab UCSF. To affinity purify antibodies, generate lots of E. coli lysate that contains your antigen. If the protein can stand freeze thawing, then go ahead and purify the protein from e. coli lysate and keep it frozen until you need to couple it to a CH-sepharose column. - [Read ANTIBODY PURIFICATION by affinity chromatography]
Antibody Array Production and Data Analysis. Probing Antigen Arrays and washing/ Blocking. Great Protocols and information. Brian Kidd. Stanford. - [Read Antibody Array Production and Analysis]
Presents two methods for preparing dendritic cells (DCs), a highly specialized type of antigen-presenting cell (APC). The first method involves the isolation of DCs from mouse spleen, resulting in a cell population that is highly enriched in accessory cell and APC function. A support protocol for collagenase digestion of splenocyte suspensions is described to increase the yield of dendritic cells. The second method involves generating large numbers of DCs from mouse bone marrow progenitor cells. - [Read Isolation of Dendritic Cells Protocol]
Several methods have been developed to "retrieve" antigens that have been masked by fixation. The principle behind using the microwave oven method described here is to use extended periods of heat to break some of the subcellular structures that block antibody access. Be aware that any of the antigen retrieval methods should be avoided wherever possible, because they may introduce artifactual false-positive staining. - [Read Unmasking Hidden Epitopes Using the Microwave Oven Protocol]
To reduce backgrounds and to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, an antibody that does not recognize the antigen being studied can be added to the lysate and processed as for a normal immunoprecipitation. Any nonspecific proteins that might contaminate the final immunoprecipitation step are presumably removed with this irrelevant antibody. - [Read Immunoprecipitation: Preclearing the Lysate Protocol]
The simplest way to determine whether two monoclonal antibodies bind to distinct sites on a protein antigen is to carry out a competition assay. The assay can be used with antibodies that bind both conformational and linear epitopes, and it is most useful in the analysis of monoclonal antibody specificity because polyclonal sera typically recognize multiple different epitopes. - [Read Epitope Mapping by Competition Assay Protocol]
Antigen Design and Sera Purification. Custom antisera. Sigma Aldrich. Peptide Selection and Design, Coupling Strategy
# Selecting the Protein Carrier, Multiple Antigenic Peptides (MAPs), Choice of Host, Adjuvant, Immunization, & Sera Collection, Antisera Purification, Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation, Protein A/G, Immunoaffinity Purification. - [Read Antigen Design and Sera Purification]
The protocol for immunolabeling for electron microscopy depends mostly on the primary antibody and its ability to recognize antigen under particular ...Electron Microscopy of the Cytoskeleton of Cultured Cells. Boris Lab. - [Read Electron Microscopy of the Cytoskeleton of Cultured Cells]
In Vitro Translated Xenopus Mos Kinase Assay Protocol. In response to progesterone, immature Xenopus oocytes mature to eggs that can be fertilized. The Mos protein kinase is essential for oocyte maturation, most likely due to its ability to activate the MAP kinase cascade. This MAP kinase cascade eventually leads to the activation of Cdc2/cyclin B and entry into M phase. In this protocol, tagged Mos kinase is translated in vitro, immunopurified, and used in a kinase assay.
A protocol for the selection of Phage Antibodies using Immobilized Antigen. This method describes the selection of antibodies from bacteriophage antibody libraries that recognize a specific antigen. The phage display library of antibody-displaying phage particles is exposed to antigen attached to a solid substrate (Nunc Immuno™ tubes). The phage particles with affinity for antigen bind to the immobilized antigen and are selected from the library of phage expressing antibodies.