analyzed Protocols

Category: Yeast Protocols: Yeast Nucleic Acid Protocols: Yeast PCR Protocols

Yeast colonies are suspended in complete PCR buffer and transferred to a thermal cycler for 35 cycles of PCR. The products of the amplification reaction are analyzed by gel electrophoresis. - [Read Analyzing Yeast Colonies by PCR Protocol]

Category: Cell Biology and Cell Culture: Flow Cytometry Protocols: Apoptosis Cytometry Protocols

Annexin V, belonging to a recently discovered family of proteins, the annexins, with anticoagulant properties has proven to be a useful tool in detecting apoptotic cells since it preferentially binds to negatively charged phospholipids like PS in the presence of Ca2+ and shows minimal binding to phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyeline. Changes in PS asymmetry, which is analyzed by measuring Annexin V binding to the cell membrane, were detected before morphological changes associated with... - [Read Annexin V Protocol]

Category: Cell Biology and Cell Culture: Flow Cytometry Protocols: Flow Cytometry Calibration Protocols

Flow cytometers must be calibrated prior to fluorescence intensity measurements because of inherent instrument variability. To correct for this variability, a standard particle (fixed chicken red blood cells, or CRBCs) must be analyzed on the instrument prior to each experiment and photomultiplier tube (PMT) voltages adjusted accordingly to place the CRBC fluorescence emission peaks into predetermined target channels. - [Read Calibration of Becton Dickinson Flow Cytometers for Relative Fluorescence Intensity Measurements]

Category: Cell Biology and Cell Culture: Flow Cytometry Protocols

Protocol uses specific antibodies coupled to one of four fluorochromes: fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), R-phycoerythrin (PE), peridinin chlorophyll-a (PcP), and allophycocyanin (APC). These fluorochromes can be used simultaneously to stain and analyze the expression patterns of four different proteins in the same sample. The fluorochrome stained cell populations are analyzed using a FACSCalibur dual-laser flow cytometer. - [Read Characterization of Cells by Flow Cytometry Protocol]

Category: Immunology: B Cell Protocols

Fluorochromes can be used simultaneously to stain and analyze the expression patterns of four different proteins in the same sample. The fluorochrome stained cell populations are analyzed using a FACSCalibur dual-laser flow cytometer. - [Read Characterization of Cells by Flow Cytometry Protocol]

Category: Immunology: Immunoprecipitation Protocols: Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Protocols

Protocol describes the use of chromatin immunoprecipitation technology (ChIP) to analyze interactions of proteins or protein complexes with DNA in vivo. In this approach, the material is fixed with formaldehyde to preserve DNA-protein and protein-protein associations, the cells are lysed, and the chromatin is cut and solubilized. The chromatin suspension is immunoprecipitated with an antibody against the protein(s) of interest, and the coimmunoprecipitated DNA fragments are analyzed. - [Read Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Protein Complexes Protocol]

Category: Cytogenetics Protocols

CGH provides a comprehensive picture of all chromosomal gains and losses within a single experiment. In contrast to banding analysis, CGH requires no preparation of metaphase chromosomes from the cells to be analyzed (which in certain tumor types may be difficult or even impossible). - [Read Detection of Chromosomal Imbalances Using DOP-PCR and Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH)]

Category: Cell Biology and Cell Culture: Flow Cytometry Protocols: Cell Cycle Analysis Protocols

Describes assays used to determine the distribution of a population of cells to the different stages of the cell cycle as analyzed by flow cytometry. Staining the DNA with different fluorescent dyes, propidium iodide or DAPI, is one of the most direct ways of staging the cells based on DNA content. - [Read Determining Cell Cycle Stages by Flow Cytometry Protocol]

Category: Cell Biology and Cell Culture: Flow Cytometry Protocols: Flow Cytometry Immunofluorescence Staining Protocols

Protocol provides a method for analysis of cell surface antigens using direct immunofluorescence, i.e., when the antibody being used is directly labeled to a fluorescent dye. After staining, the cells can be analyzed immediately by flow cytometry or fixed and stored for later analysis. - [Read Fluorescent Staining of Cell Surface Antigens on Viable Cells Using Direct Immunofluorescence]

Category: Cell Organelle Protocols: Subcellular Fractionation Protocols: Membrane Isolation Protocols

The protocol described in this protocol has been used principally for analyzing the Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum and trans-Golgi network but markers for other compartments (e.g. ERGIC and endosomes) have also been analyzed. Modifications either to the gradient density range or the centrifugation conditions influence the ability of the gradient to resolve multiple compartments. - [Read Fractionation of Golgi, ER, TGN and Other Membrane Compartments in Pre-Formed Iodixanol Gradients]

Category: Molecular Biology Protocols: Carbohydrate Protocols

Immunostaining thin layer chromatograms TLC is a very sensitive detection technique of functionally active carbohydrate ligands of protein receptors. Carbohydrate structures are detected in glycolipids from complex mixtures of molecules extracted from the relevant target tissue. Proteins analyzed can be antibodies, chimeric Ig proteins, selectins, lectins, toxins, and other carbohydrate binding proteins. John L. Magnani~GlycoTech Corporation, Rockville, Maryland - [Read Immunostaining Thin Layer Chromatograms Of Glycolipids]

Category: Proteomic Protocols

In-Gel Digestion Protocol. Excision of protein bands (spots) from polyacrylamide gels Reduction and alkylation . Reduction and alkylation . MALDI analysis of the supernatant after in-gel digestion. Extraction of Peptides.Matthias Wilm EMBL Bioanalytical R - [Read In-gel digestion of proteins to be analyzed by mass spectrometry]

Category: Immunology: T Cell Protocols

Peyer’s Patch, and Lamina Propria Cells lymphocyte populations should be analyzed when studying the immunological status of the intestine, for example in oral immunization or in intestinal disease (including infectious disease and tumors). This protocol details techniques for isolation of IEL, PP cells, and LP cells from the small intestine of the mouse. - [Read Isolation of Mouse Small Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes Protocol]

Category: DNA Protein Interactions Protocols: Dnase Footprinting Assay Protocols

Protocol describes how isolated nuclei are incubated with varying amounts of Dnase I. Genomic DNA is then isolated from the nuclei and digested with a restriction enzyme, analyzed by gel electrophoresis, and probed by Southern hybridization. - [Read Mapping Dnase-I-hypersensitive Sites Protocol]

Category: Cell Biology and Cell Culture: Flow Cytometry Protocols: DNA Staining Protocols for Flow Cytometry

This protocol describes a method for quantitative measurement of DNA using propidium iodide (PI) staining and flow cytometry. PI stains all double-stranded regions of both DNA and RNA by intercalating between the stacked bases of the double helix. PI cannot penetrate an intact cell membrane; therefore, cells are fixed prior to staining. The ethanol-fixed cells can be stored unstained at 4°C for days, or even weeks, and then stained and analyzed. - [Read Measurement of DNA Content Using Propidium Iodide (PI) Staining of Fixed Whole Cells Protocol]

Category: Genetics and Genomics: Genotyping Protocols: Mutation Detection Protocols

This protocol is the first of two describing solid-phase chemical cleavage of mismatch (SpCCM), a method for the detection of mutations in genomic DNA. DNA fragments up to 2 kb in length can be analyzed to determine the position (within 10-15 bp) and identity of the mismatched nucleotide. - [Read Mutation Detection by Solid-Phase Chemical Cleavage of Mismatches Using Radioactive Probes Protocol]

Category: Cell Biology and Cell Culture: In Vitro Reconstitution Protocols

Protocol describes a system which includes all of the necessary components for in vitro transcription as well as a positive control template that provides run-off transcripts from a CMV immediate early promoter. This system is designed for runoff transcription. Alternatively, transcription products can be analyzed by primer extension. - [Read Nuclear Extract in vitro Transcription System]

Category: Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis Protocols: RNA Electrophoresis Protocols

Protocol for preparation of a denaturing agarose gel for the analysis of RNA samples. The integrity of RNA samples can be analyzed by electrophoresis on a denaturing agarose gel containing formaldehyde. - [Read Preparation of a Denaturing Agarose Gel for the Analysis of RNA Samples Protocol]

Category: Cytogenetics Protocols

An ideal method of tissue preparation ensures both good specimen morphology and that the target molecules are in the optimum state for probe access and hybridization. DNA:DNA in situ hybridization is usually carried out on chromosome spread preparations where chromosome and nuclei are released from cells and spread on a glass microscope slide. This method yields well separated and enlarged chromosomes with good morphology which can be analyzed in transmitted light or fluorescence microscopes. - [Read Preparation of Chromosome Spreads]

Category: Immunology: B Cell Protocols

The water soluble, DNA intercalator, propidium iodide (PI), is used to bind to DNA after permeabilization of cells with NP40. The amount of dye bound correlates with the content of DNA within a given cell. Once cells are stained, they are analyzed on a flow cytometer. The relative content of DNA indicates the distribution of a population of cells throughout the cell cycle. - [Read Quantification of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Distribution of Primary B Cells Using Propidium Iodide]

Category: Cell Biology and Cell Culture: Flow Cytometry Protocols: Apoptosis Cytometry Protocols

The water soluble, DNA intercalator, propidium iodide (PI), is used to bind to DNA after permeabilization of cells with NP40. The amount of dye bound correlates with the content of DNA within a given cell. Once cells are stained, they are analyzed on a flow cytometer. The relative content of DNA indicates the distribution of a population of cells throughout the cell cycle. - [Read Quantification of Apoptosis and the Cell Cycle Distribution of Primary B Cells Using PI]

Category: PCR Protocols: PCR Cloning Protocols

In this protocol sequences cloned in standard bacteriophage or plasmid vectors are amplified in PCRs containing primers targeted to flanking vector sequences.  The amplified fragments can be analyzed by gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing, and/or restriction mapping.  Many colonies or plaques can be assayed simultaneously. - [Read Rapid Characterization of DNAs Cloned in Prokaryotic Vectors Protocol]

Category: Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis Protocols: Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis Protocols

Protocol for restriction endonuclease digestion of DNA in agarose plugs. Genomic DNA isolated from mammalian, yeast, or bacterial cells can be digested with restriction endonucleases by incubating agarose plugs containing the DNA in the presence of the desired enzyme.  After digestion, the DNA can be fractionated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and either isolated from the gel or analyzed by Southern Hybridization. - [Read Restriction Endonuclease Digestion of DNA in Agarose Plugs Protocol]

Category: Transfection Protocols: Stable Transfection Protocols

Stably transfected cells, generated in the first two stages of the procedure, are induced for expression of the target gene. After harvesting and lysis, the lysates are analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. - [Read Tetracycline as Regulator of Inducible Gene Expression III]