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Transgenic Animals Transgenične životinje

How Transgenic Animals are Generated Kako transgenične životinje su Generirano

Copyright Molecular Station 2006 Copyright molekularnu kolodvor 2006

Transgenic Plants Transgenične biljke

In nature, plant cells often live in close association with cerain bacteria, which may provide a convenient vehicle for introducing cloned DNA into plants.  Agrobacterium tumefaciens, for example, attaches to the cells of dicotledonous plants and causes the formation of plant tumours known as galls.  This bacterium introduces a circular DNA molecule called the Ti (tumour-inducing) plasmid into the plant cell in a manner similar to bacterial conjugation.  The plasmid DNA then recombines with the plant DNA.  Since the Ti plasmid has been isolated, new genes can be inserted into it using recombinant DNA techniques and the Ti genes causing tumours can be disrupted.  The resulting recombinant plasmid can then transfer desired genes into plant cells. U prirodi, biljne stanice često žive u uskoj suradnji s cerain bakterija, koje svibanj pružiti zadovoljavajući vozila za uvođenje klon DNA u biljaka. Agrobacterium tumefaciens, na primjer, pridaje na stanicama dicotledonous biljaka i uzrokuje formiranje biljni tumori poznati kao galls . Ova bakterija uvodi kružne DNA molekula naziva Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid u transformacija na način sličan bakterijske konjugacije. Plasmid DNA zatim recombines s plant DNA. Od Ti plasmid je izoliran, novi geni mogu biti stavljen na Internet koristeći rekombinantnim DNA tehnikama i Ti geni uzrok tumora može biti poremećen. Dobit rekombinantnim plasmid transfer može zatim željeni geni u biljnim stanicama.
An especially useful characteristic of plants for transgenic studies is the ability of cultured plant cells to give rise to mature plants.  meristemativ (growing) cells from dissected plant tissue or cells within excised parts of a plant will grow in culture to form callus tissue, an undifferntiated lump of cells.  Under the influence of plant growth hormones, different plant parts (roots, stems, and leaves) develop from the callus and eventually grow into whole fertile plants.  When an agrobacterium containing a recombinant Ti plasmid infects a cultured plant cell, the newly incorporated foreign gene is carried into the plant genome.  A. tumefaciens readily infects dicots (petunia, tobacco, carrot) but not monocots; reliable techniques for introducing genes into monocots are still being developed.  Direct introduction of DNA by electroporation has been successful in rice plants, (which are monocots), and the future looks bright for the manipulation of other commercially important monocotyledonous crop plants.  Also available for gene transfer experiments are cells of a tiny, rapidly growing memberof the mustard family called Arabidopsis thaliana.  This plant appears to be well suited to geentic analysis of a variety of developmental and physiological processes.  It takes up little space, is easy to grow, and has a small genome, and genes defined by mutations can be cloned by positional cloning strategies. Posebno korisno obilježje postrojenja za transgenični studija je sposobnost uzgojenom biljne stanice dovesti do zrele biljke. Meristemativ (rastuće) dissected stanice iz biljnog tkiva ili stanice u roku od excised dijelovima jednog biljka će rasti u kulturi u obliku zadebljanje tkiva, undifferntiated lump od stanica. Pod utjecajem hormona biljnog rasta, biljni različitih dijelova (korijena, stabala i lišće) razviti iz žulj i na kraju preraste u cjelini plodne biljke. Kada agrobacterium sadrži rekombinantnim Ti plasmid infects jedan uzgojenom biljnih stanica, novo utjelovljena stranih gena je nosio u biljni genom. A. tumefaciens rado infects dicots (petunia, duhan, mrkva) ali ne monocots; pouzdane metode za uvođenje gena u monocots i dalje su se razvili. Direct uvođenje DNA by electroporation je uspješna u riža biljaka, (koji su monocots), a budućnost izgleda bright za manipulaciju drugih komercijalno važnih za obrezivanje monocotyledonous plants. Također dostupan za genski prijenos eksperimenti su stanice od tiny, brzo raste memberof, slačica obitelj zove Arabidopsis thaliana. Ova biljka Čini se da je dobro namješteni kako bi geentic analiza različitih razvojnih i fiziološke procese. zauzima malo prostora, je lako rasti, i ima mali genom, geni i definirano mutacije mogu biti klon po poziciji klon strategije.

Transgenic Fruit Flies Transgenične voćnih mušica

Foreign DNA can be incorporated into the Drosophila germ-line genome by the technique of P-element transformation.  This technique makes use of a segment of the P element, a highly mobile DNA element, which can transpose from an extrachromosomal element into a chromosome.  Generally, this procedure results in incorporation of a single copy of the transgene into the Drosophila genome.  In contrast, transgenic mice carry multiple copies of the transgene incorporated into their chromosomes.  In both organisms, however, the chromosomal insertion site is highly variable. Strana DNA može biti utjelovljena u Drosophila germ-line genom po tehnici P-element transformacije. Ova tehnika koristi jedan segment od P element, visoko mobilne DNA element, koji može prenijeti iz jednog extrachromosomal element u kromosom. Općenito, ovaj postupak rezultate u osnivanju i jednoj kopiji na transgene u Drosophila genom. Nasuprot tome, transgenični miševi nose više kopija od transgene sadržani u njihovoj kromosoma. U oba organizama, međutim, kromosomske umetanje stranica je vrlo promjenjivo.
Flies that develop from injected embryos will carry some germ cells that have incorporated the transgene; some of their progeny will carry the transgene in all somatic and germ-line cells, giving rise to pure transgenic lines.  Individuals carrying the transgene are recognized by expression of a marker gene (eg, one affecting eye color) that is also present on the donor DNA.  Although the transgenes in Drosophila and mice insert in chromosomal sites different from the position of the corresponding endogeneous gene, they usually are expressed in the right tissue and right time during development. Muha da razviju iz injected embrijima će nositi neke klice stanice koje su sadržane u transgene; neke svoje potomstvo će nositi transgene u sve somatske i germ-line stanica, čime se ustanoviti čista transgenični linije. Pojedincima koji nosi transgene su priznate od strane izraz jedan marker gena (npr., jedan je zahvatio oko boje) koji je također prisutan na donatora DNA. Iako je transgenes u Drosophila i miševi umetnuti u kromosomske web stranice razlikuju od položaja odgovarajuće endogeneous gena, oni obično su izražene u pravo tkiva i pravo vrijeme tijekom razvoja.

Copyright Molecular Station 2006 Copyright molekularnu kolodvor 2006