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The amino acid composition of the peptide is determined. The peptide is hydrolyzed into its constituent amino acid by heating it in 6 N HCl at 110°C for 24 hours. Stanford Moore and William Stein showed that amino acids in hydrolysates can be separated by ionexchange chromatography on columns of sulfonated polystyrene and quantitated by reacting them with ninhydrin. Den aminosyre sammensætningen af peptid bestemmes. Peptid hydrolyseres i sit konstituerende aminosyre ved at opvarme den i 6 N HCl ved 110 ° C i 24 timer. Stanford Moore og William Stein viste, at aminosyrer i hydrolysater kan adskilles ved ionexchange kromatografi på kolonner i sulfonated polystyren og quantitated ved reaktion med ninhydrin.
Amino acids treated this way give an intense blue color, except for praline, which gives a yellow color because it contains a secondary amino group. The concentration of amino acid in a solution is proportional to the optical absorbance of the solution after heating it with ninhydrin. This technique can detect a microgram (10nmol) of an amino acid, which is about the amount present in a thumbprint. Aminosyrer behandlet på denne måde give en intens blå farve, med undtagelse af praline, hvilket giver en gul farve, fordi den indeholder en sekundær amino-gruppe. Koncentrationen af aminosyre i en opløsning er proportional med den optiske absorbansen af opløsningen efter opvarmning med ninhydrin . Denne teknik kan registrere en mikrogram (10nmol) af en aminosyre, som drejer sig om beløb til stede i en thumbprint.
As little as a nanogram (10 pmol) of an amino acid can be detected by means of fluorescamine, which reacts with the a-amino group of a highly fluorescent product. The identity of the amino acid is revealed by its elution volume, which in the volume of buffer used to remove the amino acid from the column. Så lidt som en nanogram (10 pmol) af en aminosyre kan afsløres ved hjælp af fluorescamine, som reagerer med a-amino gruppe af en stærkt fluorescerende produkt. Identiteten af aminosyre er afsløret ved sin elueringsvolumen, der i mængden af buffer benyttes til at fjerne den aminosyre fra kolonnen.
The amino-terminal residue of a protein or peptide can be identified by labeling it with a compound that forms a stable covalent link. De amino-terminal rester af et protein eller peptid kan identificeres ved mærkningssoftware det med en sammensat, der udgør en stabil kovalente link.
Fluorodinitrobenzene (FDNB) was first used for this purpose by Frederick Sanger. Dabsyl chloride is now commonly used because it forms intensely colored derivatives that can be detected with high sensitivity. It reacts with an uncharged a-NH2 group to form a sulfonamide derivative that is stable under conditions that hydrolyze peptide bonds. Fluorodinitrobenzene (FDNB) blev første gang anvendt til dette formål af Frederick Sanger. Dabsyl chlorid er nu almindeligt anvendt, fordi den former intenst farvede derivater, som kan påvises med stor følsomhed. Det reagerer med en uncharged a-NH2 gruppe for at danne en sulfonamid derivat, der er stabil under forhold, hydrolyze peptid obligationer.
Although the dabsyl method for determining the amino-terminal residue is sensitive and powerful, it cannot be used repeatedly on the same peptide because the peptide is totally degraded in the acid-hydrolysis step. Pehr Edman devised a method for labeling the amino-terminal residue and cleaving it from the peptide without disrupting the peptide bonds between the other amino acid residues. The Edman degradation sequentially removes one residue at a time from the amino end of a peptide. Phenyl isothiocyanate reacts with the uncharged terminal amino group of the peptide to form a phenylthiocarbamoyl derivative. Then, under mildy acidic conditions, a cyclic derivative of the terminal amino acid is liberated, which leaves an intact peptide shortened by one amino acid. Selv om dabsyl metode til bestemmelse af amino-terminal restprodukt er følsom og kraftfuld, kan det ikke blive brugt flere gange på samme peptid fordi peptid er helt nedbrudte i syre-hydrolyse skridt. Pehr Edman udtænkt en metode til mærkning af amino-terminal restprodukt og kløvning det fra peptid uden at forstyrre de peptid obligationer mellem den anden aminosyre rester. Edman nedbrydning sekventielt fjerner en rest på et tidspunkt fra amino slutningen af et peptid. Phenyl isothiocyanate reagerer med uncharged terminal amino gruppe af de peptid at danne en phenylthiocarbamoyl derivat. Derefter under mildy sure forhold, en cyklisk derivat af terminalen aminosyre er befriet, som overlader en intakt peptid afkortes ved en aminosyre.
Analyses of protein structures have been markedly accelerated by the development of sequenators, which are automated instruments for the determination of amino acid sequence. In a liquid-phase sequenator, a thin film of protein in a spinning cylindrical cup is subjected to the Edman degradation. The reagents and extracting solvents are passed over the immobilized film of protein, and the released PTH-amino acid is identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography (also called high-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC). Analyser af protein strukturer er blevet markant accelereret af udviklingen af sequenators, som er automatiske instrumenter til bestemmelse af aminosyresekvensen. I en flydende fase sequenator, en tynd film af protein i et roterende cylindrisk kop udsættes for det Edman nedbrydning. De reagenser og udvinding af opløsningsmidler er gået over ubevaegeligt film af protein, og de frigjorte PTH-aminosyre er identificeret ved højtryks-væskekromatografi (også kaldet højtydende væskekromatografi, HPLC).
One cycle of the Edman degradation is carried out in less than two hours. By repeated degradations, the amino acid sequence of some fifty residues in a protein can be determined. Gas-phase sequenators can analyze picomole quantities of peptides and proteins. This high sensitivity makes it feasible to analyze the sequence of a protein sample eluted from a single band of an SDS-polyacrylamide gel. En cyklus af Edman nedbrydning er udført i mindre end to timer. Ved gentagne forringelser, aminosyresekvens af nogle halvtreds rester i et protein kan bestemmes. Gas-fase sequenators kan analysere picomole mængder af peptider og proteiner. Denne høje følsomhed gør det muligt at analysere sekvens af et protein teststoffet i eluatet fra et enkelt bånd med en SDS-polyacrylamid gel.
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